Neprilysin inhibitors

ABSTRACT

In one aspect, the invention relates to compounds having the formula X: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     where R a , R b , R 2 , R 7 , and X are as defined in the specification, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The compounds described herein are prodrugs of compounds having neprilysin inhibition activity. In another aspect, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds; methods of using these compounds; and processes and intermediates for preparing these compounds.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/657,220, filed on Jun. 8, 2012 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/774,148, filed on Mar. 7, 2013; the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to novel compounds which are metabolized in vivo to compounds having activity as neprilysin inhibitors. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds, processes and intermediates for preparing these compounds and methods of using these compounds to treat diseases such as hypertension, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, and renal disease.

State of the Art

Commonly-assigned U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0157386, filed on Dec. 14, 2011 to smith et al., describes novel compounds that have activity as neprilysin inhibitors, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In particular, compounds of the genus:

are described. Depending upon the variables, compounds within this genus can be referred to as being in the active form or as being a prodrug, which is metabolized in vivo to generate the activeform of the compound.

In spite of these compounds however, there remains a need for compounds and prodrugs within this genus that have different metabolic and cleavage properties. For example, there remains a need for active compounds and/or prodrug compounds having improved oral absorption and for prodrug compounds that undergo rapid cleavage to form the active compound. This invention is directed to that need.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of the invention relates to a compound of the formula X:

where:

(i) R^(a) is F; R^(b) is Cl; X is

and

when X is:

R² is H and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₂CH₃, —CH₂CF₂CF₃, —C(CH₃)(CF₃)₂, —CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, —CH(CH₃)CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂₋₃OH, —CH₂CH(NH₂)COOCH₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—C₂₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—cyclohexyl, —C₂₋₄alkylene—N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, benzyl, and

or R² is selected from —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and —P(O)(OR^(e))₂, and R⁷ is H; and

when X is:

R² is H, R³ is —OH, and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂OC(O)CH₃ and —CH₂OC(O)—CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂; or R² is H, R³ is selected from —OCH₂OC(O)CH₃ and —OCH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, and R⁷ is H; or

(ii) R^(a) is F; R^(b) is Cl; X is

and

R² is H and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₂CH₃, —CH₂CF₂CF₃, —C(CH₃)(CF₃)₂, —CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, —CH(CH₃)CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂₋₃OH, —CH₂CH(NH₂)COOCH₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—C₂₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—cyclohexyl, —C₂₋₄alkylene—N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —CH₂OC(O)—CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, benzyl, and

or R² is selected from —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and —P(O)(OR^(e))₂, and R⁷ is H; or

(iii) R^(a) is F; R^(b) is Cl; X is

and

R² is H and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₂CH₃, —CH₂CF₂CF₃, —C(CH₃)(CF₃)₂, —CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, —CH(CH₃)CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂₋₃OH, —CH₂CH(NH₂)COOCH₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—C₂₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—cyclohexyl, —C₂₋₄alkylene—N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, benzyl, and

or R² is selected from —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkl, and —P(O)(OR^(e))₂, and R⁷ is H; or

(iv) R^(a) is F; R^(b) is Cl; X is

R is H or —CH₃; and

R² is H and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₂CH₃, —CH₂CF₂CF₃, —C(CH₃)(CF₃)₂, —CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, —CH(CH₃)CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂₋₃OH, —CH₂CH(NH₂)—COOCH₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—C₂₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—O-cyclohexyl, —C₂₋₄alkylene-N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂C(O)CHR^(d)NH—C(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, benzyl

or R² is selected from —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and —P(O)(OR^(e))₂, and R⁷ is H; or R² is —C(O)CH₂NH₂ and R⁷ is —CH₂CH₃; or

(v) R^(a) is F; R^(b) is Cl; X is

and

R² is H and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₂CH₃, —CH₂CF₂CF₃, —C(CH₃)(CF₃)₂, —CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, —CH(CH₃)CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂₋₃H, —CH₂CH(NH₂)COOCH₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)O—C(O)O—C₂₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, —C₂₋₄alkylene-N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, benzyl, and

or R² is selected from —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and —P(O)(OR^(e))₂, and R⁷ is H; or

(vi) R^(a) is F; R^(b) is Cl; X is

and

R² and R⁴ are H, and R⁷ is selected from H, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₂CH₃, —CH₂CF₂CF₃, —C(CH₃)(CF3)2, —CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, —CH(CH₃)CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂₋₃OH, —CH₂CH(NH₂)COOCH₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—C₂₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, —C₂₋₄alkylene-N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, benzyl,

or R² is H, R⁴ is selected from —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NHC(O)OCH₃ and —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, and R⁷ is H; or R² is selected from —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and —P(O)(OR^(e))₂, R⁴ is H, and R⁷ is H; or R² is H, R⁴ is —CH₂OP(O)(OR^(e))₂ or —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, and R⁷ is —CH₂CH₃ or —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂; or R² is —C(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, R⁴ is H, and R⁷ is —CH₂CH₃ or —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂; or

(vii) R^(a) is F; R^(b) is Cl; X is

and

R² and R⁴ are H, and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₂CF₃, —C(CH₃)(CF₃)₂, —CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, —CH(CH₃)CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂₋₃OH, —CH₂CH(NH₂)—COOCH₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—C₂₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, —C₂₋₄alkylene-N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —CH₂CO(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, benzyl, and

or R² is H, R⁴ is selected from —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NHC(O)OCH₃ and —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, and R⁷ is selected from H and —CH₂CH₃; or R² is selected from —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and —P(O)(OR^(e))₂, and R⁴ and R⁷ are H; or

(viii) R^(a) is H; R^(b) is Cl; X is

and

R² is H, R³ is —OH, and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —C(CH₃)(CF₃)₂, —CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, —CH(CH₃)CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂₋₃OH, —CH₂CH(NH₂)COOCH₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—C₂₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, —C₂₋₄alkylene-N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, and —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NHC(O)OCH₃; or R² is selected from —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and —P(O)(OR^(e))₂, R³ is —OH, and R⁷ is H; or R² is H, R³ is selected from —OCHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NH₂, —OCH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NHC(O)OCH₃, and

and R⁷ is H; or

(ix) R^(a) is Cl; R^(b) is Cl; X is

and

R² is H, R⁴ is —OH, and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —C(CH₃)(CF3)₂, —CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, —CH(CH₃)CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂₋₃OH, —CH₂CH(NH₂)COOCH₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—C₂₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, —C₂₋₄alkylene-N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and

or R² is selected from —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and —P(O)(OR^(e))₂, R⁴ is —OH, and R⁷ is H; or R² is H, R⁴ is selected from —OCHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, —OCH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NHC(O)OCH₃, and

and R⁷ is H;

where each R^(c) is independently H or —C₁₋₃alkyl; each R^(d) is independently H, —CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, phenyl, or benzyl; and each R^(e) is independently H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, or phenyl;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention provides compounds which are metabolized in vivo to compounds that have been found to possess neprilysin (NEP) enzyme inhibition activity. Accordingly, compounds of the invention are expected to be useful and advantageous as therapeutic agents for treating patients suffering from a disease or disorder that is treated by inhibiting the NEP enzyme or by increasing the levels of its peptide substrates. Thus, one aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating hypertension, heart failure, or renal disease, comprising administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention.

Another aspect of the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of the invention.

Yet another aspect of the invention relates to processes and intermediates useful for preparing compounds of the invention. Another aspect of the invention relates to a process of preparing a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of formula I, comprising contacting a compound of formula I in free acid or base form with a pharmaceutically acceptable base or acid. In other aspects, the invention relates to products prepared by any of the processes described herein, as well as novel intermediates used in such process.

Yet another aspect of the invention relates to the use of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament, especially for the manufacture of a medicament useful for treating hypertension, heart failure, or renal disease. Another aspect of the invention relates to use of a compound of the invention for inhibiting a NEP enzyme in a mammal. Still another aspect of the invention relates to the use of a compound of the invention as a research tool. Other aspects and embodiments of the invention are disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

When describing the compounds, compositions, methods and processes of the invention, the following terms have the following meanings unless otherwise indicated. Additionally, as used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the corresponding plural forms unless the context of use clearly dictates otherwise. The terms “comprising”, “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. All numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used herein are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about,” unless otherwise indicated. Accordingly, the numbers set forth herein are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each number should at least be construed in light of the reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

The term “alkyl” means a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon group which may be linear or branched. Unless otherwise defined, such alkyl groups typically contain from 1 to 10 carbon atoms and include, for example, —C₁₋₆alkyl, meaning an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms where the carbon atoms are in any acceptable configuration. Representative alkyl groups include, by way of example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, and the like.

As used herein, the phrase “having the formula” or “having the structure” is not intended to be limiting and is used in the same way that the term “comprising” is commonly used. For example, if one structure is depicted, it is understood that all stereoisomer and tautomer forms are encompassed, unless stated otherwise.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to a material that is not biologically or otherwise unacceptable when used in the invention. For example, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a material that can be incorporated into a composition and administered to a patient without causing unacceptable biological effects or interacting in an unacceptable manner with other components of the composition. Such pharmaceutically acceptable materials typically have met the required standards of toxicological and manufacturing testing, and include those materials identified as suitable inactive ingredients by the U.S. Food and Drug administration.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means a salt prepared from a base or an acid which is acceptable for administration to a patient, such as a mammal (for example, salts having acceptable mammalian safety for a given dosage regime). However, it is understood that the salts covered by the invention are not required to be pharmaceutically acceptable salts, such as salts of intermediate compounds that are not intended for administration to a patient. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic bases and from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acids. In addition, when a compound of formula I contains both a basic moiety, such as an amine, pyridine or imidazole, and an acidic moiety such as a carboxylic acid or tetrazole, zwitterions may be formed and are included within the term “salt” as used herein. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic bases include ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic, manganous, potassium, sodium, and zinc salts, and the like. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic bases include salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, including substituted amines, cyclic amines, naturally-occurring amines and the like, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperadine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic acids include salts of boric, carbonic, hydrohalic (hydrobromic, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric or hydroiodic), nitric, phosphoric, sulfamic and sulfuric acids. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic acids include salts of aliphatic hydroxyl acids (for example, citric, gluconic, glycolic, lactic, lactobionic, malic, and tartaric acids), aliphatic monocarboxylic acids (for example, acetic, butyric, formic, propionic and trifluoroacetic acids), amino acids (for example, aspartic and glutamic acids), aromatic carboxylic acids (for example, benzoic, p-chlorobenzoic, diphenylacetic, gentisic, hippuric, and triphenylacetic acids), aromatic hydroxyl acids (for example, o-hydroxybenzoic, p-hydroxybenzoic, 1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic and 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acids), ascorbic, dicarboxylic acids (for example, fumaric, maleic, oxalic and succinic acids), glucoronic, mandelic, mucic, nicotinic, orotic, pamoic, pantothenic, sulfonic acids (for example, benzenesulfonic, camphosulfonic, edisylic, ethanesulfonic, isethionic, methanesulfonic, naphthalenesulfonic, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic, naphthalene-2,6-disulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids), xinafoic acid, and the like.

As used herein, the term “prodrug” is intended to mean an inactive (or significantly less active) precursor of a drug that is converted into its active form in the body under physiological conditions, for example, by normal metabolic processes. Such compounds may not necessarily possess pharmacological activity at NEP, but may be administered orally or parenterally and thereafter metabolized in the body to form a compound that is pharmacologically active at NEP.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” means an amount sufficient to effect treatment when administered to a patient in need thereof, that is, the amount of drug needed to obtain the desired therapeutic effect. For example, a therapeutically effective amount for treating hypertension is an amount of compound needed to, for example, reduce, suppress, eliminate, or prevent the symptoms of hypertension, or to treat the underlying cause of hypertension. In one embodiment, a therapeutically effective amount is that amount of drug needed to reduce blood pressure or the amount of drug needed to maintain normal blood pressure. On the other hand, the term “effective amount” means an amount sufficient to obtain a desired result, which may not necessarily be a therapeutic result. For example, when studying a system comprising a NEP enzyme, an “effective amount” may be the amount needed to inhibit the enzyme.

The term “treating” or “treatment” as used herein means the treating or treatment of a disease or medical condition (such as hypertension) in a patient, such as a mammal (particularly a human) that includes one or more of the following: (a) preventing the disease or medical condition from occurring, i.e., preventing the reoccurrence of the disease or medical condition or prophylactic treatment of a patient that is pre-disposed to the disease or medical condition; (b) ameliorating the disease or medical condition, i.e., eliminating or causing regression of the disease or medical condition in a patient; (c) suppressing the disease or medical condition, i.e., slowing or arresting the development of the disease or medical condition in a patient; or (d) alleviating the symptoms of the disease or medical condition in a patient. For example, the term “treating hypertension” would include preventing hypertension from occurring, ameliorating hypertension, suppressing hypertension, and alleviating the symptoms of hypertension (for example, lowering blood pressure). The term “patient” is intended to include those mammals, such as humans, that are in need of treatment or disease prevention or that are presently being treated for disease prevention or treatment of a specific disease or medical condition, as well as test subjects in which the crystalline compound is being evaluated or being used in an assay, for example an animal model.

All other terms used herein are intended to have their ordinary meaning as understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which they pertain.

The compound of the invention contain one or more chiral centers and therefore, these compounds may be prepared and used in various stereoisomeric forms. In some embodiments, in order to optimize the therapeutic activity of the compounds of the invention, e.g., to treat hypertension, it may be desirable that the carbon atoms have a particular (R,R), (S,S), (S,R), or (R,S) configuration or are enriched in a stereoisomeric form having such configuration. In other embodiments, the compounds of the invention are present as racemic mixtures. Accordingly, the invention also relates to racemic mixtures, pure stereoisomers (e.g., enantiomers and diastereoisomers), stereoisomer-enriched mixtures, and the like unless otherwise indicated. When a chemical structure is depicted herein without any stereochemistry, it is understood that all possible stereoisomers are encompassed by such structure. Similarly, when a particular stereoisomer is shown or named herein, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that minor amounts of other stereoisomers may be present in the compositions of the invention unless otherwise indicated, provided that the utility of the composition as a whole is not eliminated by the presence of such other isomers. Individual stereoisomers may be obtained by numerous methods that are well known in the art, including chiral chromatography using a suitable chiral stationary phase or support, or by chemically converting them into diastereoisomers, separating the diastereoisomers by conventional means such as chromatography or recrystallization, then regenerating the original stereoisomer.

Additionally, where applicable, all cis-trans or E/Z isomers (geometric isomers), tautomeric forms and topoisomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are included within the scope of the invention unless otherwise specified.

The compounds of the invention, as well as those compounds used in their synthesis, may also include isotopically-labeled compounds, that is, where one or more atoms have been enriched with atoms having an atomic mass different from the atomic mass predominately found in nature. Examples of isotopes that may be incorporated into the compounds of formula I, for example, include, but are not limited to, ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³⁵S, ³⁶Cl, and ¹⁸F. Of particular interest are compounds of formula I enriched in tritium or carbon-14 which can be used, for example, in tissue distribution studies; compounds of the invention enriched in deuterium especially at a site of metabolism resulting, for example, in compounds having greater metabolic stability; and compounds of formula I enriched in a positron emitting isotope, such as ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹⁵O and ¹³N, which can be used, for example, in Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies.

The nomenclature used herein to name the compounds of the invention is illustrated in the Examples herein. This nomenclature has been derived using the commercially available AutoNom software (MDL, San Leandro, Calif.).

U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0157386 specifically disclosed (R)-3-{N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[1-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic acid, which is represented by formula I′:

In one embodiment, this compound is referred to as the active form and is administered as a prodrug, which is metabolized in vivo to form the compound of formula I′. This compound can also exist in its tautomer form, (R)-3-{N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[1-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy -1H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic acid.

One aspect of the invention relates to other prodrugs of the compound of formula I′. These prodrugs are represented by formula X, where R^(a) is F, R^(b) is Cl, and X is:

In one embodiment, these compounds are represented by formula Ia or Ib:

For compounds of formula Ia, R² is H and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₂CH₃, —CH₂CF₂CF₃, —C(CH₃)(CF₃)₂, —CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, —CH(CH₃)CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂₋₃OH, —CH₂CH(NH₂)COOCH₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—C₂₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, —C₂₋₄alkylene-N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, benzyl, and

or R² is selected from —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and —P(O)(OR^(e))₂, and R⁷ is H; where each R^(c) is independently H or —C₁₋₃alkyl; each R^(d) is independently H, —CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, phenyl, or benzyl; and each R^(e) is independently H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, or phenyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. For compounds of formula Ib, R² is H, R³ is —OH, and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂OC(O)CH₃ and —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂; or R² is H, R³ is selected from —OCH₂OC(O)CH₃ and —OCH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, and R⁷ is H; where each R^(c) is independently H or —C₁₋₃alkyl; each R^(d) is independently H, —CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, phenyl, or benzyl; and each R^(e) is independently H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, or phenyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one particular embodiment of the compounds of Formula Ia, R² is H and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CH₃ and —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂. In one particular embodiment of the compounds of Formula Ib, R² is H, R³ is —OH, and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂OC(O)CH₃ and —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂; or R² is H, R³ is selected from —OCH₂OC(O)CH₃ and —OCH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, and R⁷ is H.

The compound (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2-hydroxythiazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid is also specifically disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0157386, and is represented by formula II′:

In one embodiment, this compound is referred to as the active form and is administered as a prodrug, which is metabolized in vivo to form the compound of formula II′. U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0157386 also disclosed the isobutyl ester prodrug of the compound of formula II′.

Another aspect of the invention relates to other prodrugs of the compound of formula II′. These prodrugs are represented by formula X, where R^(a) is F, R^(b) is Cl, and X is:

In one embodiment, these compounds are represented by formula II:

where R² is H and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CF₃, —(CH₂)2CF3, —CH₂CF2CH₃, —CH₂CF₂CF₃, —C(CH₃)(CF₃)₂, —CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, —CH(CH₃)CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂₋₃OH, —CH₂CH(NH₂)COOCH₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—C₂₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, —C₂₋₄alkylene-N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, benzyl, and

or R² is selected from —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and —P(O)(OR^(e))₂, and R⁷ is H; where each R^(c) is independently H or —C₁₋₃alkyl; each R^(d) is independently H, —CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, phenyl, or benzyl; and each R^(e) is independently H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, or phenyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one particular embodiment of the compounds of Formula II, R² is H and R⁷ is —CH₂CH₃.

The compound (R)-3-{N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]-hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic acid is also specifically disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0157386, and is represented by formula III′:

In one embodiment, this compound is referred to as the active form and is administered as a prodrug, which is metabolized in vivo to form the compound of formula III′. U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0157386 also disclosed the ethyl ester and mofetil ester prodrugs of the compound of formula III′.

Another aspect of the invention relates to other prodrugs of the compound of formula III′. These prodrugs are represented by formula X, where R^(a) is F, R^(b) is Cl, and X is:

In one embodiment, these compounds are represented by formula III:

where R² is H and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₂CH₃, —CH₂CF₂CF₃, —C(CH₃)(CF₃)₂, —CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, —CH(CH₃)CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂₋₃OH, —CH₂CH(NH₂)COOCH₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—C₂₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, —C₂₋₄alkylene-N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, benzyl, and

or R² is selected from —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and —P(O)(OR^(e))₂, and R⁷ is H; where each R^(c) is independently H or —C₁₋₃alkyl; each R^(d) is independently H, —CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, phenyl, or benzyl; and each R^(e) is independently H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, or phenyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one particular embodiment of the compounds of Formula III, R² is H and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —CH₂OC(O)CH₃, —CH₂OC(O)(CH₂)₂CH₃, —CH₂OC(O)OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OC(O)OCH(CH₃)₂, —CH(CH₃)OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NHC(O)OCH₃, and

or R² is —P(O)(OH)₂ and R⁷ is H.

The compound (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid is also specifically disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0157386, and is represented by formula IV′:

In one embodiment, this compound is referred to as the active form and is administered as a prodrug, which is metabolized in vivo to form the compound of formula IV′. U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0157386 also disclosed the ethyl ester, isopropyl ester, and isobutyl ester prodrugs of the compound of formula IV′.

Another aspect of the invention relates to other prodrugs of the compound of formula IV′. These prodrugs are represented by formula X, where R^(a) is F, R^(b) is Cl, and X is:

where R is H or —CH₃. In one embodiment, these compounds are represented by IV:

where R² is H and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₂CH₃, —CH₂CF₂CF₃, —C(CH₃)(CF₃)₂, —CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, —CH(CH₃)CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂₋₃OH, —CH₂CH(NH₂)COOCH₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—C₂₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, —C₂₋₄alkylene-N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, benzyl,

or R² is selected from —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and —P(O)(OR^(e))₂, and R⁷ is H; or R² is —C(O)CH₂NH₂ and R⁷ is —CH₂CH₃; where each R^(e) is independently H or —C₁₋₃alkyl; each R^(d) is independently H, —CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, phenyl, or benzyl; and each R^(e) is independently H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, or phenyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one particular embodiment of the compounds of Formula IV, R is —CH₃, R² is H, and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —CH₂OC(O)CH₃, —CH₂OC(O)—(CH₂)₂CH₃, —CH₂OC(O)OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OC(O)OCH(CH₃)₂, —CH(CH₃)OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NHC(O)OCH₃,

In another particular embodiment of the compounds of Formula IV, R is —CH₃; R² is selected from —C(O)CH₂CH₃, —C(O)CH₂NH₂, —C(O)CH(CH₃)NH₂, —C(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NH₂, and —C(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NHC(O)OCH₃; and R⁷ is H. In yet another particular embodiment of the compounds of Formula IV, R is —CH₃, R² is —C(O)CH₂NH₂, and R⁷ is —CH₂CH₃.

The compound (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid is specifically disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0157386, and is represented by formula V′:

In one embodiment, this compound is referred to as the active form and is administered as a prodrug, which is metabolized in vivo to form the compound of formula V′.

Another aspect of the invention relates to other prodrugs of the compound of formula V′. These prodrugs are represented by formula X, where R^(a) is F, Rb is Cl, and X is:

In one embodiment, these compounds are represented by formula V:

where R² is H and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₂CH₃, —CH₂CF₂CF₃, —C(CH₃)(CF₃)₂, —CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, —CH(CH₃)CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂₋₃OH, —CH₂CH(NH₂)COOCH₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)O—C(O)O—C₂₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, —C₂₋₄alkylene-N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, benzyl, and

or R² is selected from —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and —P(O)(OR^(e))₂, and R⁷ is H; where each R^(e) is independently H or —C₁₋₃alkyl; each R^(d) is independently H, —CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, phenyl, or benzyl; and each R^(e) is independently H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, or phenyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one particular embodiment of the compounds of Formula V, R² is H and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CF₂CF3, —CH₂OC(O)CH₃, —CH₂OC(O)—(CH₂)₂CH₃, —CH₂OC(O)OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OC(O)OCH(CH₃)2, —CH(CH₃)OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NHC(O)OCH₃, and

Another aspect of the invention relates to compounds of formula X , where R^(a) is F, R^(b) is Cl, and X is:

In one embodiment, these compounds are represented by formula VIa or VIb:

where R² and R⁴ are H, and R⁷ is selected from H, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₂CH₃, —CH₂CF₂CF₃, —C(CH₃)(CF3)2, —CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, —CH(CH₃)—CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂₋₃OH, —CH₂CH(NH₂)COOCH₃, —(CH₂)20CH₃, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—C₂₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, —C₂₋₄alkylene-N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)—CHR^(d)—NH₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, benzyl,

or R² is H, R⁴ is selected from —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NHC(O)OCH₃ and —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)2[NH₂, and R⁷ is H; or R² is selected from —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —C(O)CHR^(d)]—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and —P(O)(OR^(e))₂, R⁴ is H, and R⁷ is H; or R² is H, R⁴ is —CH₂OP(O)(OR^(e))₂ or —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, and R⁷ is —CH₂CH₃ or —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂; or R² is —C(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, R⁴ is H, and R⁷ is —CH₂CH₃ or —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂; where each R^(c) is independently H or —C₁₋₃alkyl; each R^(d) is independently H, —CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, phenyl, or benzyl; and each R^(e) is independently H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, or phenyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one particular embodiment of the compounds of Formula VIa and VIb, R² is H, R⁴ is H, and R⁷ is selected from H, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂CF₂CH₃, —(CH₂)₂O—CH₃, —CH₂OC(O)OCH₂CH₃, —(CH₂)₂—N(CH₃)₂, —(CH₂)₃—N(CH₃)₂, —(CH₂)₄—N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂,

In yet another embodiment of the compounds of Formula VIa and VIb, R² is H, R⁴ is selected from —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NHC(O)OCH₃ and —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NH₂, and R⁷ is H. In still another particular embodiment of the compounds of Formula VIa and VIb, R² is selected from —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CH₂(CH₃)₂, R⁴ and —C(O)CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, R⁴ is H, and R⁷ is H.

In yet another embodiment of the compounds of Formula VIa and VIb, R² is H, R⁴ is —CH₂—OP(O)(OH)₂ or —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, and R⁷ is —CH₂CH₃ or —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂.

In yet another embodiment of the compounds of Formula VIa and VIb, R² is —C(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, R⁴ is H, and R⁷ is —CH₂CH₃ or —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂. The compound (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid is specifically disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0157386, and is represented by formula VII′:

In one embodiment, this compound is referred to as the active form and is administered as a prodrug, which is metabolized in vivo to form the compound of formula VII′. Compounds such as this can exist in a tautomer form, for example, as (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid. U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0157386 also disclosed the ethyl ester, isopropyl ester, and isobutyl ester prodrugs of the compound of formula VII′.

Another aspect of the invention relates to other prodrugs of the compound of formula VII′. These prodrugs are represented by formula X, where R^(a) is F, R^(b) is Cl, and X is:

In one embodiment, these compounds are represented by formula VIIa or VIIb:

where R² and R⁴ are H, and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —CH₂CF₂CF₃, —C(CH₃)(CF₃)₂, —CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, —CH(CH₃)CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂₋₃OH, —CH₂CH(NH₂)COOCH₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—C₂₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, —C₂₋₄alkylene-N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, benzyl, and

or R² is H, R⁴ is selected from —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NHC(O)OCH₃ and —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, and R⁷ is selected from H and —CH₂CH₃; or R² is selected from —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and —P(O)(OR^(e))₂, and R⁴ and R⁷ are H; where each R^(c) is independently H or —C₁₋₃alkyl; each R^(d) is independently H, —CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, phenyl, or benzyl; and each R^(e) is independently H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, or phenyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one particular embodiment of the compounds of Formula VIIa and VIIb, R² and R⁴ are H, and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CF₂CF₃, —CH₂OC(O)CH₃, —CH₂OC(O)CH₂CH₃, —CH₂OC(O)(CH₂)₂CH₃, —CH₂OC(O)OCH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NHC(O)OCH₃, and

In another embodiment of the compounds of Formula VIIa and VIIb, R² is H, R⁴ is —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, and R⁷ is —CH₂CH₃. In still another embodiment of the compounds of Formula VIIa and VIIb, or R² is selected from —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CH₂CH₃, —C(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, and —C(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂ 9 NHC(O)OCH₃, and R⁴ and R⁷ are H.

The compound (R)-3-[N-(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-hydroxy-isoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid is specifically disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0157386, and is represented by formula VIII′:

In one embodiment, this compound is referred to as the active form and is administered as a prodrug, which is metabolized in vivo to form the compound of formula VIII′. U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0157386 also disclosed the ethyl ester, isopropyl ester, butyl ester, isobutyl ester, hexyl ester, heptyl ester, benzyl ester, medoxomil ester, 2-fluoro-1-fluoromethyl-ethyl ester, and 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl ester prodrugs of the compound of formula VIII′.

Another aspect of the invention relates to other prodrugs of the compound of formula VIII′. These prodrugs are represented by formula X, where R^(a) is H, R^(b) is Cl, and X is:

In one embodiment, these compounds are represented by formula VIII:

where R² is H, R³ is —OH, and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —C(CH₃)(CF₃)₂, —CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, —CH(CH₃)CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂₋₃OH, —CH₂CH(NH₂)COOCH₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₃, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—C₂₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, —C₂₋₄alkylene-N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, and —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NHC(O)OCH₃; or R² is selected from —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and —P(O)(OR^(e))₂, R³ is —OH, and R⁷ is H; or R² is H, R³ is selected from —OCHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, —OCH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NHC(O)OCH₃, and

and R⁷ is H; where each R^(c) is independently H or —C₁₋₃alkyl; each R^(d) is independently H, —CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, phenyl, or benzyl; and each R^(e) is independently H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, or phenyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one particular embodiment of the compounds of Formula VIII, R² is H, R³ is —OH, and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂OC(O)CH₃, —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, and —CH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NHC(O)OCH₃. In another particular embodiment of the compounds of Formula VIII, R² is selected from —C(O)CH₂CH₃, —C(O)CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —C(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, and —C(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NHC(O)OCH₃, R³ is —OH, and R⁷ is H. In yet another particular embodiment of the compounds of Formula VIII, R² is H, R³ is selected from —OCH₂OC(O)CH₃, —OCH₂OC(O)(CH₂)₂CH₃, —OCH₂OC(O)OCH₂CH₃, —OCH₂OC(O)OCH(CH₃)₂, —OCH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, —OCH₂OC(O)—CH[CH(CH₃)₂ 9 NHC(O)OCH₃, and

and R⁷ is H.

The compound (R)-3-[N-(2′,5′-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1-hydroxy-1H-[1,2,39 triazole-4-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid is specifically disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0157386, and is represented by formula IX′:

In one embodiment, this compound is referred to as the active form and is administered as a prodrug, which is metabolized in vivo to form the compound of formula IX′. U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0157386 also disclosed the isopropyl ester, isobutyl ester, and heptyl ester prodrugs of the compound of formula IX′.

Another aspect of the invention relates to other prodrugs of the compound of formula IX′. These prodrugs are represented by formula X, where R^(a) is Cl, R^(b) is Cl, and X is:

In one embodiment, these compounds are represented by formula IXa or IXb:

where R² is H, R⁴ is —OH, and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —C(CH₃)(CF₃)₂, —CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, —CH(CH₃)CF₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂₋₃OH, —CH₂CH(NH₂)COOCH₃, —(CH₂)₂—OCH₃, —CHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O—C₂₋₄alkyl, —CHR^(c)OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, —C₂₋₄alkylene-N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂OC(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —CH₂₀C(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and

or R² is selected from —C(O)—C₁₋₆alkyl, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NH₂, —C(O)CHR^(d)—NHC(O)O—C₁₋₆alkyl, and —P(O)(OR^(e))₂, R⁴ is —OH, and R⁷ is H; or R² is H, R⁴ is selected from —OCHR^(c)OC(O)—C₁₋₄alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]NH₂, —OCH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NHC(O)OCH₃, and

and R⁷ is H; where each R^(c) is independently H or —C₁₋₃alkyl; each R^(d) is independently H, —CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, phenyl, or benzyl; and each R^(e) is independently H, —C₁₋₆alkyl, or phenyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one particular embodiment of the compounds of Formula IXa and IXb, R² is H, R⁴ is —OH and R⁷ is selected from —CH₂OC(O)CH₃, —CH₂OC(O)(CH₂)₂CH₃, —CH₂OC(O)—OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OC(O)OCH(CH₃)₂, —CH(CH₃)OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, —CH₂OC(O)—CH[CH(CH₃)₂ 9 NHC(O)OCH₃, and

In yet another embodiment of the compounds of Formula IXa and IXb, R² is H, R⁴ is selected from —OCH₂OC(O)CH₃, —OCH₂OC(O)(CH₂)₂CH₃, —OCH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NH₂, —OCH₂OC(O)CH[CH(CH₃)₂]—NHC(O)OCH₃, and

and R⁷ is H. General Synthetic Procedures

Compounds of the invention can be prepared from readily available starting materials using the following general methods, the procedures set forth in the Examples, or by using other methods, reagents, and starting materials that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Although the following procedures may illustrate a particular embodiment of the invention, it is understood that other embodiments of the invention can be similarly prepared using the same or similar methods or by using other methods, reagents and starting materials known to those of ordinary skill in the art. It will also be appreciated that where typical or preferred process conditions (for example, reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given, other process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. In some instances, reactions were conducted at room temperature and no actual temperature measurement was taken. It is understood that room temperature can be taken to mean a temperature within the range commonly associated with the ambient temperature in a laboratory environment, and will typically be in the range of about 18° C. to about 30° C. In other instances, reactions were conducted at room temperature and the temperature was actually measured and recorded. While optimum reaction conditions will typically vary depending on various reaction parameters such as the particular reactants, solvents and quantities used, those of ordinary skill in the art can readily determine suitable reaction conditions using routine optimization procedures.

Additionally, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, conventional protecting groups may be necessary or desired to prevent certain functional groups from undergoing undesired reactions. The choice of a suitable protecting group for a particular functional group as well as suitable conditions and reagents for protection and deprotection of such functional groups are well-known in the art. Protecting groups other than those illustrated in the procedures described herein may be used, if desired. For example, numerous protecting groups, and their introduction and removal, are described in T. W. Greene and G. M. Wuts, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, Fourth Edition, Wiley, New York, 2006, and references cited therein.

Carboxy-protecting groups are suitable for preventing undesired reactions at a carboxy group, and examples include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, benzyl (Bn), p-methoxybenzyl (PMB), 9-fluorenylmethyl (Fm), trimethylsilyl (TMS), t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), diphenylmethyl (benzhydryl, DPM) and the like. Amino-protecting groups are suitable for preventing undesired reactions at an amino group, and examples include, but are not limited to, t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), trityl (Tr), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), formyl, trimethylsilyl (TMS), t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), and the like.

Standard deprotection techniques and reagents are used to remove the protecting groups, and may vary depending upon which group is used. For example, sodium or lithium hydroxide is commonly used when the carboxy-protecting group is methyl, an acid such as TFA or HCl (e.g., 4.0 M HCl in 1,4-dioxane) is commonly used when the carboxy-protecting group is ethyl or t-butyl, and H₂/Pd/C may be used when the carboxy-protecting group is benzyl. A BOC amino-protecting group can be removed using an acidic reagent such as TFA in DCM or HCl in 1,4-dioxane, while a Cbz amino-protecting group can be removed by employing catalytic hydrogenation conditions such as H₂ (1 atm) and 10% Pd/C in an alcoholic solvent (“H₂/Pd/C”).

Leaving groups are functional groups or atoms that can be displaced by another functional group or atom in a substitution reaction, such as a nucleophilic substitution reaction. By way of example, representative leaving groups include chloro, bromo and iodo groups; sulfonic ester groups, such as mesylate, tosylate, brosylate, nosylate and the like; and acyloxy groups, such as acetoxy, trifluoroacetoxy and the like.

Suitable bases for use in these schemes include, by way of illustration and not limitation, potassium carbonate, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, triethylamine (Et₃N), pyridine, 1,8-diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), 4-methylmorpholine, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, potassium t-butoxide, and metal hydrides.

Suitable inert diluents or solvents for use in these schemes include, by way of illustration and not limitation, tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetonitrile (MeCN), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), toluene, dichloromethane (DCM), chloroform (CHCl₃), carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), 1,4-dioxane, methanol, ethanol, water, diethyl ether, acetone, and the like.

Suitable carboxylic acid/amine coupling reagents include benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP), benzotriazol-1-yloxytripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)uronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC), carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt), and the like. Coupling reactions are conducted in an inert diluent in the presence of a base such as DIPEA, and are performed under conventional amide bond-forming conditions.

All reactions are typically conducted at a temperature within the range of about −78° C. to 100° C., for example at room temperature. Reactions may be monitored by use of thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and/or LCMS until completion. Reactions may be complete in minutes, or may take hours, typically from 1-2 hours and up to 48 hours. Upon completion, the resulting mixture or reaction product may be further treated in order to obtain the desired product. For example, the resulting mixture or reaction product may be subjected to one or more of the following procedures: concentrating or partitioning (for example, between EtOAc and water or between 5% THF in EtOAc and 1M phosphoric acid); extraction (for example, with EtOAc, CHCl₃, DCM, chloroform); washing (for example, with saturated aqueous NaCl, saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃ (5%), CHCl₃ or 1M NaOH); drying (for example, over MgSO₄, over Na₂SO₄, or in vacuo); filtering; crystallizing (for example, from EtOAc and hexanes); being concentrated (for example, in vacuo); and/or purification (e.g., silica gel chromatography, flash chromatography, preparative HPLC, reverse phase-HPLC, or crystallization).

By way of illustration, compounds of the invention, as well as their salts, can be prepared as shown in Schemes I-IV.

Scheme I is a transesterification reactions. Generally, this reaction involves reacting the ester with heat, the desired alcohol (HO—R⁷) and a suitable acid catalyst, for example hydrochloric acid. The HO—R⁷ alcohols are either commercially available or can be prepared by techniques that are known in the art or described herein. Exemplary HO—R⁷ compounds include HO—CH₂CF₃, HO—(CH₂)₂CF₃, HO—CH₂CF₂CH₃, HO—CH₂CF₂CF₃, HO—C(CH₃)(CF₃)₂, HO—CH(CH₂CH₃)CF₃, HO—CH(CH₃)CF₂CF₃, benzyl alcohol, and

Scheme II is a nucleophilic substitution reaction, where L is a suitable leaving group. Generally, this reaction is conducted in the presence of a suitable base such as triethylamine in a suitable inert diluent or solvent such as acetone. The L-R⁷ compounds are either commercially available or can be prepared by techniques that are known in the art or described herein. Exemplary L-R⁷ compounds include Br—(CH₂)₂OH, Br—(CH₂)₃OH, Br—(CH₂)₂OCH₃, Br—CH₂OC(O)CH₃, Cl—CH₂OC(O)(CH₂)₂CH₃, Cl—CH₂OC(O)OCH₂CH₃, Cl—CH₂OC(O)OCH(CH₃)₂, Cl—CH₂OC(O)O-cyclohexyl, (S)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3-methyl-butyric acid chloromethyl ester, and (S)-2-t-butoxycarbonylamino-3-methyl-butyric acid chloromethyl ester.

Alternately, in Scheme II, an alcohol have be used in place of the L-R⁷, for example HO—C₂₋₄alkylene-N(CH₃)₂ in a coupling reaction using HOBt and EDC.

Scheme III is a nucleophilic substitution reaction, where L is a suitable leaving group. Generally, this reaction is conducted in the presence of a suitable base such as N,N-diisopropylethylamine in a suitable inert diluent or solvent such as dichloromethane. The L-R² compound is either commercially available or can be prepared by techniques that are known in the art or described herein. Exemplary L-R² compounds include Cl—C(O)—CH₃, Cl—C(O)—CH(CH₃)₂, and Cl—C(O)—CH₂CH(CH₃)₂.

Scheme IV is a coupling reaction, where P is H or a suitable amino-protecting group. When P is an amino protecting group, the process further comprises deprotecting the compound before or in situ with the coupling step. Exemplary coupling reagents include HATU and HOBt with EDC. Generally, these reactions are conducted in the presence of a base such as DIPEA or 4-methylmorpholine, and an inert diluent or solvents such as DMF or DMA. The carboxylic acid starting materials are generally commercially available or can be prepared using procedures that are known in the art.

Further details regarding specific reaction conditions and other procedures for preparing representative compounds of the invention or intermediates thereof are described in the Examples set forth below.

Utility

The compounds of formula I′-V′ and VII′-IX′ have activity as neprilysin inhibitors, and are expected to have therapeutic utility as a neprilysin inhibitor. Prodrugs of these compounds, once metabolized in vivo, are expected to have the same utility. Thus, when discussing the activity of the compounds of the invention, it is understood that these prodrugs have the expected activity once metabolized.

Exemplary assays include by way of illustration and not limitation, assays that measure NEP inhibition. Useful secondary assays include assays to measure ACE inhibition and aminopeptidase P (APP) inhibition (e.g., as described in Sulpizio et al. (2005) JPET 315:1306-1313). A pharmacodynamic assay to assess the in vivo inhibitory potencies for ACE and NEP in anesthetized rats is described in Seymour et al. (1985) Hypertension 7(Suppl I):I-35-I-42 and Wigle et al. (1992) Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 70:1525-1528), where ACE inhibition is measured as the percent inhibition of the angiotensin I pressor response and NEP inhibition is measured as increased urinary cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) output.

There are also many in vivo assays that can be used. The conscious spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model is a renin dependent hypertension model. See for example, Intengan et al. (1999) Circulation 100(22):2267-2275 and Badyal et al. (2003) Indian Journal of Pharmacology 35:349-362. The conscious desoxycorticosterone acetate-salt (DOCA-salt) rat model is a volume dependent hypertension model that is useful for measuring NEP activity. See for example, Trapani et al. (1989) J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 14:419-424, Intengan et al. (1999) Hypertension 34(4):907-913, and Badyal et al. (2003) supra). The DOCA-salt model is particularly useful for evaluating the ability of a test compound to reduce blood pressure as well as to measure a test compound's ability to prevent or delay a rise in blood pressure. The Dahl salt-sensive (DSS) hypertensive rat model is a model of hypertension that is sensitive to dietary salt (NaCl), and is described, for example, in Rapp (1982) Hypertension 4:753-763. The rat monocrotaline model of pulmonary arterial hypertension described, for example, in Kato et al. (2008) J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 51(1):18-23, is a reliable predictor of clinical efficacy for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Heart failure animal models include the DSS rat model for heart failure and the aorto-caval fistula model (AV shunt), the latter of which is described, for example, in Norling et al. (1996) J. Amer. Soc. Nephrol. 7:1038-1044. Other animal models, such as the hot plate, tail-flick and formalin tests, can be used to measure the analgesic properties of a compound, as well as the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model of neuropathic pain. See, for example, Malmberg et al. (1999) Current Protocols in Neuroscience 8.9.1-8.9.15. Other properties and utilities of the compounds can be demonstrated using various in vitro and in vivo assays well known to those skilled in the art.

The compounds of the invention are expected to be useful for the treatment and/or prevention of medical conditions responsive to NEP inhibition. Thus it is expected that patients suffering from a disease or disorder that is treated by inhibiting the NEP enzyme or by increasing the levels of its peptide substrates, can be treated by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention. For example, by inhibiting NEP, the compound is expected to potentiate the biological effects of endogenous peptides that are metabolized by NEP, such as the natriuretic peptides, bombesin, bradykinins, calcitonin, endothelins, enkephalins, neurotensin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Thus, the compounds are expected to have other physiological actions, for example, on the renal, central nervous, reproductive and gastrointestinal systems.

Cardiovascular Diseases

By potentiating the effects of vasoactive peptides like the natriuretic peptides and bradykinin, compounds of the invention are expected to find utility in treating and/or preventing medical conditions such as cardiovascular diseases. See, for example, Rogues et al. (1993) Pharmacol. Rev. 45:87-146 and Dempsey et al. (2009) Amer. J. of Pathology 174(3):782-796. Cardiovascular diseases of particular interest include hypertension and heart failure. Hypertension includes, by way of illustration and not limitation: primary hypertension, which is also referred to as essential hypertension or idiopathic hypertension; secondary hypertension; hypertension with accompanying renal disease; severe hypertension with or without accompanying renal disease; pulmonary hypertension, including pulmonary arterial hypertension; and resistant hypertension. Heart failure includes, by way of illustration and not limitation: congestive heart failure; acute heart failure; chronic heart failure, for example with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (also referred to as systolic heart failure) or with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (also referred to as diastolic heart failure); and acute and chronic decompensated heart failure, with or without accompanying renal disease. Thus, one embodiment of the invention relates to a method for treating hypertension, particularly primary hypertension or pulmonary arterial hypertension, comprising administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention.

For treatment of primary hypertension, the therapeutically effective amount is typically the amount that is sufficient to lower the patient's blood pressure. This would include both mild-to-moderate hypertension and severe hypertension. When used to treat hypertension, the compound may be administered in combination with other therapeutic agents such as aldosterone antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and dual-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme/neprilysin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activators and stimulators, angiotensin-II vaccines, anti-diabetic agents, anti-lipid agents, anti-thrombotic agents, AT₁ receptor antagonists and dual-acting AT₁ receptor antagonist/neprilysin inhibitors, β₁-adrenergic receptor antagonists, dual-acting β-adrenergic receptor antagonist/α₁-receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, endothelin receptor antagonists, endothelin converting enzyme inhibitors, neprilysin inhibitors, natriuretic peptides and their analogs, natriuretic peptide clearance receptor antagonists, nitric oxide donors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, phosphodiesterase inhibitors (specifically PDE-V inhibitors), prostaglandin receptor agonists, renin inhibitors, soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators and activators, and combinations thereof. In one particular embodiment of the invention, a compound of the invention is combined with an AT₁ receptor antagonist, a diuretic, a calcium channel blocker, or a combination thereof, and used to treat primary hypertension. In another particular embodiment of the invention, a compound of the invention is combined with an AT₁ receptor antagonist, and used to treat hypertension with accompanying renal disease.

For treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, the therapeutically effective amount is typically the amount that is sufficient to lower the pulmonary vascular resistance. Other goals of therapy are to improve a patient's exercise capacity. For example, in a clinical setting, the therapeutically effective amount can be the amount that improves a patient's ability to walk comfortably for a period of 6 minutes (covering a distance of approximately 20-40 meters). When used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension the compound may be administered in combination with other therapeutic agents such as a-adrenergic antagonists, β₁-adrenergic receptor antagonists, β₂-adrenergic receptor agonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, anticoagulants, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, endothelin receptor antagonists, PDE-V inhibitors, prostaglandin analogs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and combinations thereof. In one particular embodiment of the invention, a compound of the invention is combined with a PDE-V inhibitor or a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Another embodiment of the invention relates to a method for treating heart failure, in particular congestive heart failure (including both systolic and diastolic congestive heart failure), comprising administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention. Typically, the therapeutically effective amount is the amount that is sufficient to lower blood pressure and/or improve renal functions. In a clinical setting, the therapeutically effective amount can be the amount that is sufficient to improve cardiac hemodynamics, like for instance reduction in wedge pressure, right atrial pressure, filling pressure, and vascular resistance. In one embodiment, the compound is administered as an intravenous dosage form. When used to treat heart failure, the compound may be administered in combination with other therapeutic agents such as adenosine receptor antagonists, advanced glycation end product breakers, aldosterone antagonists, AT₁ receptor antagonists, β₁-adrenergic receptor antagonists, dual-acting β-adrenergic receptor antagonist/α₁-receptor antagonists, chymase inhibitors, digoxin, diuretics, endothelin converting enzyme (ECE) inhibitors, endothelin receptor antagonists, natriuretic peptides and their analogs, natriuretic peptide clearance receptor antagonists, nitric oxide donors, prostaglandin analogs, PDE-V inhibitors, soluble guanylate cyclase activators and stimulators, and vasopressin receptor antagonists. In one particular embodiment of the invention, a compound of the invention is combined with an aldosterone antagonist, a β₁-adrenergic receptor antagonist, an AT₁ receptor antagonist, or a diuretic, and used to treat congestive heart failure.

Diarrhea

As NEP inhibitors, compounds of the invention are expected to inhibit the degradation of endogenous enkephalins and thus such compounds may also find utility for the treatment of diarrhea, including infectious and secretory/watery diarrhea. See, for example, Baumer et al. (1992) Gut 33:753-758; Farthing (2006) Digestive Diseases 24:47-58; and Marcais-Collado (1987) Eur. J. Pharmacol. 144(2):125-132. When used to treat diarrhea, compounds of the invention may be combined with one or more additional antidiarrheal treatments.

Renal Diseases

By potentiating the effects of vasoactive peptides like the natriuretic peptides and bradykinin, compounds of the invention are expected to enhance renal function (see Chen et al. (1999) Circulation 100:2443-2448; Lipkin et al. (1997) Kidney Int. 52:792-801; and Dussaule et al. (1993) Clin. Sci. 84:31-39) and find utility in treating and/or preventing renal diseases. Renal diseases of particular interest include diabetic nephropathy, chronic kidney disease, proteinuria, and particularly acute kidney injury or acute renal failure (see Sharkovska et al. (2011) Clin. Lab. 57:507-515 and Newaz et al. (2010) Renal Failure 32:384-390). When used to treat renal disease, the compound may be administered in combination with other therapeutic agents such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, AT₁ receptor antagonists, and diuretics.

Preventative Therapy

By potentiating the effects of the natriuretic peptides, compounds of the invention are also expected to be useful in preventative therapy, due to the antihypertrophic and antifibrotic effects of the natriuretic peptides (see Potter et al. (2009) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 191:341-366), for example in preventing the progression of cardiac insufficiency after myocardial infarction, preventing arterial restenosis after angioplasty, preventing thickening of blood vessel walls after vascular operations, preventing atherosclerosis, and preventing diabetic angiopathy.

Glaucoma

By potentiating the effects of the natriuretic peptides, compounds of the invention are expected to be useful to treat glaucoma. See, for example, Diestelhorst et al. (1989) International Ophthalmology 12:99-101. When used to treat glaucoma, compounds of the invention may be combined with one or more additional anti-glaucoma agents.

Pain Relief

As NEP inhibitors, compounds of the invention are expected to inhibit the degradation of endogenous enkephalins and thus such compounds may also find utility as analgesics. See, for example, Rogues et al. (1980) Nature 288:286-288 and Thanawala et al. (2008) Current Drug Targets 9:887-894. When used to treat pain, compounds of the invention may be combined with one or more additional antinociceptive drugs such as aminopeptidase N or dipeptidyl peptidase III inhibitors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, monoamine reuptake inhibitors, muscle relaxants, NMDA receptor antagonists, opioid receptor agonists, 5-HT_(1D) serotonin receptor agonists, and tricyclic antidepressants.

Other Utilities

Due to their NEP inhibition properties, compounds of the invention are also expected to be useful as antitussive agents, as well as find utility in the treatment of portal hypertension associated with liver cirrhosis (see Sansoe et al. (2005) J. Hepatol. 43:791-798), cancer (see Vesely (2005) J. Investigative Med. 53:360-365), depression (see Noble et al. (2007) Exp. Opin. Ther. Targets 11:145-159), menstrual disorders, preterm labor, pre-eclampsia, endometriosis, reproductive disorders (for example, male and female infertility, polycystic ovarian syndrome, implantation failure), and male and female sexual dysfunction, including male erectile dysfunction and female sexual arousal disorder. More specifically, the compounds of the invention are expected to be useful in treating female sexual dysfunction (see Pryde et al. (2006) J. Med. Chem. 49:4409-4424), which is often defined as a female patient's difficulty or inability to find satisfaction in sexual expression. This covers a variety of diverse female sexual disorders including, by way of illustration and not limitation, hypoactive sexual desire disorder, sexual arousal disorder, orgasmic disorder and sexual pain disorder. When used to treat such disorders, especially female sexual dysfunction, compounds of the invention may be combined with one or more of the following secondary agents: PDE-V inhibitors, dopamine agonists, estrogen receptor agonists and/or antagonists, androgens, and estrogens. Due to their NEP inhibition properties, compounds of the invention are also expected to have anti-inflammatory properties, and are expected to have utility as such, particularly when used in combination with statins.

Recent studies suggest that NEP plays a role in regulating nerve function in insulin-deficient diabetes and diet induced obesity. Coppey et al. (2011) Neuropharmacology 60:259-266. Therefore, due to their NEP inhibition properties, compounds of the invention are also expected to be useful in providing protection from nerve impairment caused by diabetes or diet induced obesity.

The amount of the compound of the invention administered per dose or the total amount administered per day may be predetermined or it may be determined on an individual patient basis by taking into consideration numerous factors, including the nature and severity of the patient's condition, the condition being treated, the age, weight, and general health of the patient, the tolerance of the patient to the active agent, the route of administration, pharmacological considerations such as the activity, efficacy, pharmacokinetics and toxicology profiles of the compound and any secondary agents being administered, and the like. Treatment of a patient suffering from a disease or medical condition (such as hypertension) can begin with a predetermined dosage or a dosage determined by the treating physician, and will continue for a period of time necessary to prevent, ameliorate, suppress, or alleviate the symptoms of the disease or medical condition. Patients undergoing such treatment will typically be monitored on a routine basis to determine the effectiveness of therapy. For example, in treating hypertension, blood pressure measurements may be used to determine the effectiveness of treatment. Similar indicators for other diseases and conditions described herein, are well known and are readily available to the treating physician. Continuous monitoring by the physician will insure that the optimal amount of the compound of the invention will be administered at any given time, as well as facilitating the determination of the duration of treatment. This is of particular value when secondary agents are also being administered, as their selection, dosage, and duration of therapy may also require adjustment. In this way, the treatment regimen and dosing schedule can be adjusted over the course of therapy so that the lowest amount of active agent that exhibits the desired effectiveness is administered and, further, that administration is continued only so long as is necessary to successfully treat the disease or medical condition.

Research Tools

Since the compounds of the invention are metabolized in vivo to compounds having activity as neprilysin inhibitors, they are also useful as a research tools for investigating or studying biological systems or samples having a NEP enzyme, for example to study diseases where the NEP enzyme or its peptide substrates plays a role. Accordingly, one aspect of the invention relates to a method of using a compound of the invention as a research tool, comprising conducting a biological assay using a compound of the invention. Any suitable biological system or sample having a NEP enzyme may be employed in such studies which may be conducted either in vitro or in vivo. Representative biological systems or samples suitable for such studies include, but are not limited to, cells, cellular extracts, plasma membranes, tissue samples, isolated organs, mammals (such as mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, pigs, humans, and so forth), and the like, with mammals being of particular interest. In one particular embodiment of the invention, NEP enzyme activity in a mammal is inhibited by administering a NEP-inhibiting amount of a compound of the invention. These compounds can also be used as research tools by conducting biological assays using such compounds.

When used as a research tool, a biological system or sample comprising a NEP enzyme is typically contacted with a NEP enzyme-inhibiting amount of a compound of the invention. After the biological system or sample is exposed to the compound, the effects of inhibiting the NEP enzyme are determined using conventional procedures and equipment, such as by measuring receptor binding in a binding assay or measuring ligand-mediated changes in a functional assay. Exposure encompasses contacting cells or tissue with the compound, administering the crystalline compound to a mammal, for example by i.p., p.o, i.v. , s.c., or inhaled administration, and so forth. This determining step can involve measuring a response (a quantitative analysis) or can involve making an observation (a qualitative analysis). Measuring a response involves, for example, determining the effects of the compound on the biological system or sample using conventional procedures and equipment, such as enzyme activity assays and measuring enzyme substrate or product mediated changes in functional assays. The assay results can be used to determine the activity level as well as the amount of compound necessary to achieve the desired result, that is, a NEP enzyme-inhibiting amount. Typically, the determining step will involve determining the effects of inhibiting the NEP enzyme.

Additionally, the compounds of the invention can be used as research tools for evaluating other chemical compounds, and thus are also useful in screening assays to discover, for example, new compounds having NEP-inhibiting activity. Thus another aspect of the invention relates to a method of evaluating a test compound in a biological assay, comprising: (a) conducting a biological assay with a test compound to provide a first assay value; (b) conducting the biological assay with a compound of the invention to provide a second assay value; wherein step (a) is conducted either before, after or concurrently with step (b); and (c) comparing the first assay value from step (a) with the second assay value from step (b). Exemplary biological assays include a NEP enzyme inhibition assay. In this manner, the compounds of the invention are used as standards in an assay to allow comparison of the results obtained with a test compound and with the compound of the invention to identify those test compounds that have about equal or superior activity, if any. For example, pK_(i) data for a test compound or a group of test compounds is compared to the pK_(i) data for a compound of the invention to identify those test compounds that have the desired properties, for example, test compounds having a pK_(i) value about equal or superior to the compound of the invention, if any. This aspect of the invention includes, as separate embodiments, both the generation of comparison data (using the appropriate assays) and the analysis of test data to identify test compounds of interest.

Still another aspect of the invention relates to a method of studying a biological system or sample comprising a NEP enzyme, the method comprising: (a) contacting the biological system or sample with a compound of the invention; and (b) determining the effects caused by the compound on the biological system or sample.

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Formulations

Compounds of the invention are typically administered to a patient in the form of a pharmaceutical composition or formulation. Such pharmaceutical compositions may be administered to the patient by any acceptable route of administration including, but not limited to, oral, rectal, vaginal, nasal, inhaled, topical (including transdermal), ocular, and parenteral modes of administration. Further, the compounds of the invention may be administered, for example orally, in multiple doses per day (for example, two, three, or four times daily), in a single daily dose or a single weekly dose. It will be understood that any form of the compounds of the invention, (that is, free base, free acid, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, etc.) that is suitable for the particular mode of administration can be used in the pharmaceutical compositions discussed herein.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of the invention. The compositions may contain other therapeutic and/or formulating agents if desired. When discussing compositions, the “compound of the invention” may also be referred to herein as the “active agent” to distinguish it from other components of the formulation, such as the carrier. Thus, it is understood that the term “active agent” includes compounds of formula I as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and prodrugs of that compound.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention typically contain a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize, however, that a pharmaceutical composition may contain more than a therapeutically effective amount, such as in bulk compositions, or less than a therapeutically effective amount, that is, individual unit doses designed for multiple administration to achieve a therapeutically effective amount. Typically, the composition will contain from about 0.01-95 wt % of active agent, including, from about 0.01-30 wt %, such as from about 0.01-10 wt %, with the actual amount depending upon the formulation itself, the route of administration, the frequency of dosing, and so forth. In one embodiment, a composition suitable for an oral dosage form, for example, may contain about 5-70 wt %, or from about 10-60 wt % of active agent.

Any conventional carrier or excipient may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. The choice of a particular carrier or excipient, or combinations of carriers or excipients, will depend on the mode of administration being used to treat a particular patient or type of medical condition or disease state. In this regard, the preparation of a suitable composition for a particular mode of administration is well within the scope of those skilled in the pharmaceutical arts. Additionally, carriers or excipients used in such compositions are commercially available. By way of further illustration, conventional formulation techniques are described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20^(th) Edition, Lippincott Williams & White, Baltimore, Md. (2000); and H. C. Ansel et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, 7^(th) Edition, Lippincott Williams & White, Baltimore, Md. (1999).

Representative examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, the following: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, such as microcrystalline cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol; phosphate buffer solutions; compressed propellant gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons; and other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical compositions.

Pharmaceutical compositions are typically prepared by thoroughly and intimately mixing or blending the active agent with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and one or more optional ingredients. The resulting uniformly blended mixture may then be shaped or loaded into tablets, capsules, pills, canisters, cartridges, dispensers and the like using conventional procedures and equipment.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions are suitable for oral administration. Suitable compositions for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, tablets, pills, lozenges, cachets, dragees, powders, granules; solutions or suspensions in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid; oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsions; elixirs or syrups; and the like; each containing a predetermined amount of the active agent.

When intended for oral administration in a solid dosage form (capsules, tablets, pills and the like), the composition will typically comprise the active agent and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate. Solid dosage forms may also comprise: fillers or extenders, such as starches, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; binders, such as carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; humectants, such as glycerol; disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and/or sodium carbonate; solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; wetting agents, such as cetyl alcohol and/or glycerol monostearate; absorbents, such as kaolin and/or bentonite clay; lubricants, such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and/or mixtures thereof; coloring agents; and buffering agents.

Release agents, wetting agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants may also be present in the pharmaceutical compositions. Exemplary coating agents for tablets, capsules, pills and like, include those used for enteric coatings, such as cellulose acetate phthalate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, methacrylic acid-methacrylic acid ester copolymers, cellulose acetate trimellitate, carboxymethyl ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate, and the like. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: water-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfate sodium sulfite and the like; oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and metal-chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.

Compositions may also be formulated to provide slow or controlled release of the active agent using, by way of example, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose in varying proportions or other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres. In addition, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may contain opacifying agents and may be formulated so that they release the active agent only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. The active agent can also be in micro-encapsulated form, optionally with one or more of the above-described excipients.

Suitable liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, by way of illustration, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Liquid dosage forms typically comprise the active agent and an inert diluent, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (for example, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Suspensions may contain suspending agents such as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminium metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.

When intended for oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be packaged in a unit dosage form. The term “unit dosage form” refers to a physically discrete unit suitable for dosing a patient, that is, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of the active agent calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect either alone or in combination with one or more additional units. For example, such unit dosage forms may be capsules, tablets, pills, and the like.

In another embodiment, the compositions of the invention are suitable for inhaled administration, and will typically be in the form of an aerosol or a powder. Such compositions are generally administered using well-known delivery devices, such as a nebulizer, dry powder, or metered-dose inhaler. Nebulizer devices produce a stream of high velocity air that causes the composition to spray as a mist that is carried into a patient's respiratory tract. An exemplary nebulizer formulation comprises the active agent dissolved in a carrier to form a solution, or micronized and combined with a carrier to form a suspension of micronized particles of respirable size. Dry powder inhalers administer the active agent as a free-flowing powder that is dispersed in a patient's air-stream during inspiration. An exemplary dry powder formulation comprises the active agent dry-blended with an excipient such as lactose, starch, mannitol, dextrose, polylactic acid, polylactide-co-glycolide, and combinations thereof. Metered-dose inhalers discharge a measured amount of the active agent using compressed propellant gas. An exemplary metered-dose formulation comprises a solution or suspension of the active agent in a liquefied propellant, such as a chlorofluorocarbon or hydrofluoroalkane. Optional components of such formulations include co-solvents, such as ethanol or pentane, and surfactants, such as sorbitan trioleate, oleic acid, lecithin, glycerin, and sodium lauryl sulfate. Such compositions are typically prepared by adding chilled or pressurized hydrofluoroalkane to a suitable container containing the active agent, ethanol (if present) and the surfactant (if present). To prepare a suspension, the active agent is micronized and then combined with the propellant. Alternatively, a suspension formulation can be prepared by spray drying a coating of surfactant on micronized particles of the active agent. The formulation is then loaded into an aerosol canister, which forms a portion of the inhaler.

Compounds of the invention can also be administered parenterally (for example, by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intraperitoneal injection). For such administration, the active agent is provided in a sterile solution, suspension, or emulsion. Exemplary solvents for preparing such formulations include water, saline, low molecular weight alcohols such as propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, oils, gelatin, fatty acid esters such as ethyl oleate, and the like. Parenteral formulations may also contain one or more anti-oxidants, solubilizers, stabilizers, preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifiers, and dispersing agents. Surfactants, additional stabilizing agents or pH-adjusting agents (acids, bases or buffers) and anti-oxidants are particularly useful to provide stability to the formulation, for example, to minimize or avoid hydrolysis of ester and amide linkages, or dimerization of thiols that may be present in the compound. These formulations may be rendered sterile by use of a sterile injectable medium, a sterilizing agent, filtration, irradiation, or heat. In one particular embodiment, the parenteral formulation comprises an aqueous cyclodextrin solution as the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Suitable cyclodextrins include cyclic molecules containing six or more α-D-glucopyranose units linked at the 1,4 positions by a linkages as in amylase, β-cyclodextrin or cycloheptaamylose. Exemplary cyclodextrins include cyclodextrin derivatives such as hydroxypropyl and sulfobutyl ether cyclodextrins such as hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin. Exemplary buffers for such formulations include carboxylic acid-based buffers such as citrate, lactate and maleate buffer solutions.

Compounds of the invention can also be administered transdermally using known transdermal delivery systems and excipients. For example, the compound can be admixed with permeation enhancers, such as propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol monolaurate, azacycloalkan-2-ones and the like, and incorporated into a patch or similar delivery system. Additional excipients including gelling agents, emulsifiers and buffers, may be used in such transdermal compositions if desired.

Secondary Agents

The compounds of the invention may be useful as the sole treatment of a disease or may be combined with one or more additional therapeutic agents in order to obtain the desired therapeutic effect. Thus, in one embodiment, pharmaceutical compositions of the invention contain other drugs that are co-administered with a compound of the invention. For example, the composition may further comprise one or more drugs (also referred to as “secondary agents(s)”). Such therapeutic agents are well known in the art, and include adenosine receptor antagonists, α-adrenergic receptor antagonists, β₁-adrenergic receptor antagonists, β₂-adrenergic receptor agonists, dual-acting β-adrenergic receptor antagonist/α₁-receptor antagonists, advanced glycation end product breakers, aldosterone antagonists, aldosterone synthase inhibitors, aminopeptidase N inhibitors, androgens, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and dual-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme/neprilysin inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activators and stimulators, angiotensin-II vaccines, anticoagulants, anti-diabetic agents, antidiarrheal agents, anti-glaucoma agents, anti-lipid agents, antinociceptive agents, anti-thrombotic agents, AT₁ receptor antagonists and dual-acting AT₁ receptor antagonist/neprilysin inhibitors and multifunctional angiotensin receptor blockers, bradykinin receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers, chymase inhibitors, digoxin, diuretics, dopamine agonists, endothelin converting enzyme inhibitors, endothelin receptor antagonists, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, estrogens, estrogen receptor agonists and/or antagonists, monoamine reuptake inhibitors, muscle relaxants, natriuretic peptides and their analogs, natriuretic peptide clearance receptor antagonists, neprilysin inhibitors, nitric oxide donors, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, N-methyl d-aspartate receptor antagonists, opioid receptor agonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, prostaglandin analogs, prostaglandin receptor agonists, renin inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, sodium channel blocker, soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators and activators, tricyclic antidepressants, vasopressin receptor antagonists, and combinations thereof. Specific examples of these agents are detailed herein.

Accordingly, in yet another aspect of the invention, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound of the invention, a second active agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Third, fourth etc. active agents may also be included in the composition. In combination therapy, the amount of compound of the invention that is administered, as well as the amount of secondary agents, may be less than the amount typically administered in monotherapy.

Compounds of the invention may be physically mixed with the second active agent to form a composition containing both agents; or each agent may be present in separate and distinct compositions which are administered to the patient simultaneously or at separate times. For example, a compound of the invention can be combined with a second active agent using conventional procedures and equipment to form a combination of active agents comprising a compound of the invention and a second active agent. Additionally, the active agents may be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to form a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention, a second active agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In this embodiment, the components of the composition are typically mixed or blended to create a physical mixture. The physical mixture is then administered in a therapeutically effective amount using any of the routes described herein.

Alternatively, the active agents may remain separate and distinct before administration to the patient. In this embodiment, the agents are not physically mixed together before administration but are administered simultaneously or at separate times as separate compositions. Such compositions can be packaged separately or may be packaged together in a kit. When administered at separate times, the secondary agent will typically be administered less than 24 hours after administration of the compound of the invention, ranging anywhere from concurrent with administration of the compound of the invention to about 24 hours post-dose. This is also referred to as sequential administration. Thus, a compound of the invention can be orally administered simultaneously or sequentially with another active agent using two tablets, with one tablet for each active agent, where sequential may mean being administered immediately after administration of the compound of the invention or at some predetermined time later (for example, one hour later or three hours later). It is also contemplated that the secondary agent may be administered more than 24 hours after administration of the compound of the invention. Alternatively, the combination may be administered by different routes of administration, that is, one orally and the other by inhalation.

In one embodiment, the kit comprises a first dosage form comprising a compound of the invention and at least one additional dosage form comprising one or more of the secondary agents set forth herein, in quantities sufficient to carry out the methods of the invention. The first dosage form and the second (or third, etc.) dosage form together comprise a therapeutically effective amount of active agents for the treatment or prevention of a disease or medical condition in a patient.

Secondary agent(s), when included, are present in a therapeutically effective amount such that they are typically administered in an amount that produces a therapeutically beneficial effect when co-administered with a compound of the invention. The secondary agent can be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, optically pure stereoisomer, and so forth. The secondary agent may also be in the form of a prodrug, for example, a compound having a carboxylic acid group that has been esterified. Thus, secondary agents listed herein are intended to include all such forms, and are commercially available or can be prepared using conventional procedures and reagents.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an adenosine receptor antagonist, representative examples of which include, but are not limited to, naxifylline, rolofylline, SLV-320, theophylline, and tonapofylline.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an α-adrenergic receptor antagonist, representative examples of which include, but are not limited to, doxazosin, prazosin, tamsulosin, and terazosin.

Compounds of the invention may also be administered in combination with a β₁-adrenergic receptor antagonist (“β₁-blockers”). Representative β₁-blockers include, but are not limited to, acebutolol, alprenolol, amosulalol, arotinolol, atenolol, befunolol, betaxolol, bevantolol, bisoprolol, bopindolol, bucindolol, bucumolol, bufetolol, bufuralol, bunitrolol, bupranolol, bubridine, butofilolol, carazolol, carteolol, carvedilol, celiprolol, cetamolol, cloranolol, dilevalol, epanolol, esmolol, indenolol, labetolol, levobunolol, mepindolol, metipranolol, metoprolol such as metoprolol succinate and metoprolol tartrate, moprolol, nadolol, nadoxolol, nebivalol, nipradilol, oxprenolol, penbutolol, perbutolol, pindolol, practolol, pronethalol, propranolol, sotalol, sufinalol, talindol, tertatolol, tilisolol, timolol, toliprolol, xibenolol, and combinations thereof. In one particular embodiment, the β₁-antagonist is selected from atenolol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, propranolol, sotalol, and combinations thereof. Typically, the β₁-blocker will be administered in an amount sufficient to provide from about 2-900 mg per dose.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a β₂-adrenergic receptor agonist, representative examples of which include, but are not limited to, albuterol, bitolterol, fenoterol, formoterol, indacaterol, isoetharine, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, salbutamol, salmefamol, salmeterol, terbutaline, vilanterol, and the like. Typically, the β₂-adrenergic receptor agonist will be administered in an amount sufficient to provide from about 0.05-500 pg per dose.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an advanced glycation end product (AGE) breaker, examples of which include, by way of illustration and not limitation, alagebrium (or ALT-711), and TRC4149.

In another embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an aldosterone antagonist, representative examples of which include, but are not limited to, eplerenone, spironolactone, and combinations thereof. Typically, the aldosterone antagonist will be administered in an amount sufficient to provide from about 5-300 mg per day.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an aminopeptidase N or dipeptidyl peptidase III inhibitor, examples of which include, by way of illustration and not limitation, bestatin and PC18 (2-amino-4-methylsulfonyl butane thiol, methionine thiol).

Compounds of the invention can also be administered in combination with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Representative ACE inhibitors include, but are not limited to, accupril, alacepril, benazepril, benazeprilat, captopril, ceranapril, cilazapril, delapril, enalapril, enalaprilat, fosinopril, fosinoprilat, imidapril, lisinopril, moexipril, monopril, moveltipril, pentopril, perindopril, quinapril, quinaprilat, ramipril, ramiprilat, saralasin acetate, spirapril, temocapril, trandolapril, zofenopril, and combinations thereof.

In a particular embodiment, the ACE inhibitor is selected from: benazepril, captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, ramipril, and combinations thereof. Typically, the ACE inhibitor will be administered in an amount sufficient to provide from about 1-150 mg per day. In another embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a dual-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme/neprilysin (ACE/NEP) inhibitor, examples of which include, but are not limited to: AVE-0848 ((4S, 7S, 12bR)-7-[3-methyl-2(S)-sulfanylbutyramido]-6-oxo-1,2,3,4,6,7,8,12b-octahydropyrido[2,1-a][2]-benzazepine-4-carboxylic acid); AVE-7688 (ilepatril) and its parent compound; BMS-182657 (2-[2-oxo-3(S)-[3-phenyl-2(S)-sulfanylpropionamido]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepin-1-yl]acetic acid); CGS-35601 (N-[1-[4-methyl-2(S)-sulfanylpentanamido]cyclopentyl-carbonyl]-L-tryptophan); fasidotril; fasidotrilate; enalaprilat; ER-32935 ((3R,6S,9aR)-6-[3(S)-methyl-2(S)-sulfanylpentanamido]-5-oxoperhydrothiazolo[3,2-a]azepine-3-carboxylic acid); gempatrilat; MDL-101264 ((4S,7S,12bR)-7-[2(S)-(2-morpholino-acetylthio)-3-phenylpropionamido]-6-oxo-1,2,3,4,6,7,8,12b-octahydropyrido[2,1-a][29 benzazepine-4-carboxylic acid); MDL-101287 ([4S-[4α,7α(R*),12bβ]]-7-[2-(carboxymethyl)-3-phenylpropionamido]-6-oxo-1,2,3,4,6,7,8,12b-octahydropyrido[2,1-a][29 benzazepine-4-carboxylic acid); omapatrilat; RB-105 (N-[2(S)-(mercaptomethyl)-3(R)-phenylbutyl]-L-alanine); sampatrilat; SA-898 ((2R,4R)-N-[2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(3-mercaptopropionyl)thiazolidin-4-ylcarbonyl]-L-phenylalanine); Sch-50690 (N-[1(S)-carboxy-2-[N2-(methanesulfonyl)-L-lysylamino]ethyl]-L-valyl-L-tyrosine); and combinations thereof, may also be included. In one particular embodiment, the ACE/NEP inhibitor is selected from: AVE-7688, enalaprilat, fasidotril, fasidotrilate, omapatrilat, sampatrilat, and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activator or stimulator.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an angiotensin-II vaccine, examples of which include, but are not limited to ATR12181 and CYT006-AngQb.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an anticoagulant, representative examples of which include, but are not limited to: coumarins such as warfarin; heparin; and direct thrombin inhibitors such as argatroban, bivalirudin, dabigatran, and lepirudin.

In yet another embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an anti-diabetic agent. Representative anti-diabetic agents include injectable drugs as well as orally effective drugs, and combinations thereof. Examples of injectable drugs include, but are not limited to, insulin and insulin derivatives. Examples of orally effective drugs include, but are not limited to: biguanides such as metformin; glucagon antagonists; a-glucosidase inhibitors such as acarbose and miglitol; dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors (DPP-IV inhibitors) such as alogliptin, denagliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, and vildagliptin; meglitinides such as repaglinide; oxadiazolidinediones; sulfonylureas such as chlorpropamide, glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide, and tolazamide; thiazolidinediones such as pioglitazone and rosiglitazone; and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with antidiarrheal treatments. Representative treatment options include, but are not limited to, oral rehydration solutions (ORS), loperamide, diphenoxylate, and bismuth subsalicylate.

In yet another embodiment, a compound of the invention is administered in combination with an anti-glaucoma agent. Representative anti-glaucoma agents include, but are not limited to: α-adrenergic agonists such as brimonidine; β₁-adrenergic receptor antagonists; topical β₁-blockers such as betaxolol, levobunolol, and timolol; carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as acetazolamide, brinzolamide, or dorzolamide; cholinergic agonists such as cevimeline and DMXB-anabaseine; epinephrine compounds; miotics such as pilocarpine; and prostaglandin analogs.

In yet another embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an anti-lipid agent. Representative anti-lipid agents include, but are not limited to: cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors (CETPs) such as anacetrapib, dalcetrapib, and torcetrapib; statins such as atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin; and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an anti-thrombotic agent. Representative anti-thrombotic agents include, but are not limited to: aspirin; anti-platelet agents such as clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticlopidine; heparin, and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an AT₁ receptor antagonist, also known as angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs). Representative ARBs include, but are not limited to, abitesartan, azilsartan (e.g., azilsartan medoxomil), benzyllosartan, candesartan, candesartan cilexetil, elisartan, embusartan, enoltasosartan, eprosartan, EXP3174, fonsartan, forasartan, glycyllosartan, irbesartan, isoteoline, losartan, medoxomil, milfasartan, olmesartan (e.g., olmesartan medoxomil), opomisartan, pratosartan, ripisartan, saprisartan, saralasin, sarmesin, TAK-591, tasosartan, telmisartan, valsartan, zolasartan, and combinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the ARB is selected from azilsartan medoxomil, candesartan cilexetil, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, olmesartan medoxomil, saprisartan, tasosartan, t elmisartan, valsartan, and combinations thereof. Exemplary salts and/or prodrugs include candesartan cilexetil, eprosartan mesylate, losartan potassium salt, and olmesartan medoxomil. Typically, the ARB will be administered in an amount sufficient to provide from about 4-600 mg per dose, with exemplary daily dosages ranging from 20-320 mg per day.

Compounds of the invention may also be administered in combination with a dual-acting agent, such as an AT₁ receptor antagonist/neprilysin inhibitor (ARB/NEP) inhibitor, examples of which include, but are not limited to, compounds described in U.S. Publication Nos. 2008/0269305 and 2009/0023228, both to Allegretti et al. filed on Apr. 23, 2008, such as the compound, 4′-{2-ethoxy-4-ethyl-5-[((S)-2-mercapto-4-methylpentanoylamino)-methyl]imidazol-1-ylmethyl}-3′-fluorobiphenyl-2-carboxylic acid.

Compounds of the invention may also be administered in combination with multifunctional angiotensin receptor blockers as described in Kurtz & Klein (2009) Hypertension Research 32:826-834.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a bradykinin receptor antagonist, for example, icatibant (HOE-140). It is expected that this combination therapy may present the advantage of preventing angioedema or other unwanted consequences of elevated bradykinin levels.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a calcium channel blocker. Representative calcium channel blockers include, but are not limited to, amlodipine, anipamil, aranipine, barnidipine, bencyclane, benidipine, bepridil, clentiazem, cilnidipine, cinnarizine, diltiazem, efonidipine, elgodipine, etafenone, felodipine, fendiline, flunarizine, gallopamil, isradipine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, lidoflazine, lomerizine, manidipine, mibefradil, nicardipine, nifedipine, niguldipine, niludipine, nilvadipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipine, nivaldipine, perhexiline, prenylamine, ryosidine, semotiadil, terodiline, tiapamil, verapamil, and combinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the calcium channel blocker is selected from amlodipine, bepridil, diltiazem, felodipine, isradipine, lacidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, niguldipine, niludipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, ryosidine, verapamil, and combinations thereof. Typically, the calcium channel blocker will be administered in an amount sufficient to provide from about 2-500 mg per dose.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a chymase inhibitor, such as TPC-806 and 2-(5-formylamino-6-oxo-2-phenyl-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-1-yl)-N-[{3,4-dioxo-1-phenyl-7-(2-pyridyloxy)}-2-heptyl]acetamide (NK₃₂₀₁).

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a diuretic. Representative diuretics include, but are not limited to: carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as acetazolamide and dichlorphenamide; loop diuretics, which include sulfonamide derivatives such as acetazolamide, ambuside, azosemide, bumetanide, butazolamide, chloraminophenamide, clofenamide, clopamide, clorexolone, disulfamide, ethoxzolamide, furosemide, mefruside, methazolamide, piretanide, torsemide, tripamide, and xipamide, as well as non-sulfonamide diuretics such as ethacrynic acid and other phenoxyacetic acid compounds such as tienilic acid, indacrinone and quincarbate; osmotic diuretics such as mannitol; potassium-sparing diuretics, which include aldosterone antagonists such as spironolactone, and Na⁺ channel inhibitors such as amiloride and triamterene; thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics such as althiazide, bendroflumethiazide, benzylhydrochlorothiazide, benzthiazide, buthiazide, chlorthalidone, chlorothiazide, cyclopenthiazide, cyclothiazide, epithiazide, ethiazide, fenquizone, flumethiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, indapamide, methylclothiazide, meticrane, metolazone, paraflutizide, polythiazide, quinethazone, teclothiazide, and trichloromethiazide; and combinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the diuretic is selected from amiloride, bumetanide, chlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, dichlorphenamide, ethacrynic acid, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, indapamide, methylclothiazide, metolazone, torsemide, triamterene, and combinations thereof. The diuretic will be administered in an amount sufficient to provide from about 5-50 mg per day, more typically 6-25 mg per day, with common dosages being 6.25 mg, 12.5 mg or 25 mg per day.

Compounds of the invention may also be administered in combination with an endothelin converting enzyme (ECE) inhibitor, examples of which include, but are not limited to, phosphoramidon, CGS 26303, and combinations thereof.

In a particular embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an endothelin receptor antagonist. Representative endothelin receptor antagonists include, but are not limited to: selective endothelin receptor antagonists that affect endothelin A receptors, such as avosentan, ambrisentan, atrasentan, BQ-123, clazosentan, darusentan, sitaxentan, and zibotentan; and dual endothelin receptor antagonists that affect both endothelin A and B receptors, such as bosentan, macitentan, tezosentan).

In yet another embodiment, a compound of the invention is administered in combination with one or more HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, which are also known as statins. Representative statins include, but are not limited to, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a monoamine reuptake inhibitor, examples of which include, by way of illustration and not limitation, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors such as atomoxetine, buproprion and the buproprion metabolite hydroxybuproprion, maprotiline, reboxetine, and viloxazine; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as citalopram and the citalopram metabolite desmethylcitalopram, dapoxetine, escitalopram (e.g., escitalopram oxalate), fluoxetine and the fluoxetine desmethyl metabolite norfluoxetine, fluvoxamine (e.g., fluvoxamine maleate), paroxetine, sertraline and the sertraline metabolite demethylsertraline; dual serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as bicifadine, duloxetine, milnacipran, nefazodone, and venlafaxine; and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a muscle relaxant, examples of which include, but are not limited to: carisoprodol, chlorzoxazone, cyclobenzaprine, diflunisal, metaxalone, methocarbamol, and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a natriuretic peptide or analog, examples of which include but are not limited to: carperitide, CD-NP (Nile Therapeutics), CU-NP, nesiritide, PL-3994 (Palatin Technologies, Inc.), ularitide, cenderitide, and compounds described in Ogawa et al (2004) J. Biol.Chem. 279:28625-31. These compounds are also referred to as natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A) agonists. In another embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a natriuretic peptide clearance receptor (NPR-C) antagonist such as SC-46542, cANF (4-23), and AP-811 (Veale (2000) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 10:1949-52). For example, AP-811 has shown synergy when combined with the NEP inhibitor, thiorphan (Wegner (1995) Clin. Exper. Hypert. 17:861-876).

In another embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a neprilysin (NEP) inhibitor. Representative NEP inhibitors include, but are not limited to: AHU-377; candoxatril; candoxatrilat; dexecadotril ((+)-N-[2(R)-(acetylthiomethyl)-3-phenylpropionyl]glycine benzyl ester); CGS-24128 (3-[3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-2-(phosphonomethylamino)propionamido]propionic acid); CGS-24592 ((S)-3-[3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-2-(phosphonomethylamino)propionamido]propionic acid); CGS-25155 (N-[9(R)-(acetylthiomethyl)-10-oxo-1-azacyclodecan-2(S)-ylcarbonyl]-4(R)-hydroxy-L-proline benzyl ester); 3-(1-carbamoylcyclohexyl)propionic acid derivatives described in WO 2006/027680 to Hepworth et al. (Pfizer Inc.); JMV-390-1 (2(R)-benzyl-3-(N-hydroxycarbamoyl)propionyl-L-isoleucyl-L-leucine); ecadotril; phosphoramidon; retrothiorphan; RU-42827 (2-(mercaptomethyl)-N-(4-pyridinyl)benzenepropionamide); RU-44004 (N-(4-morpholinyl)-3-phenyl-2-(sulfanylmethyl)propionamide); SCH-32615 ((S)-N-[N-(1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl)-L-phenylalanyl]-β-alanine) and its prodrug SCH-34826 ((S)-N-[N-[1-[[(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methoxy]carbonyl]-2-phenylethyl]-L-phenylalanyl]-β-alanine); sialorphin; SCH-42495 (N-[2(S)-(acetylsulfanylmethyl)-3-(2-methylphenyl)propionyl]-L-methionine ethyl ester); spinorphin; SQ-28132 (N-[2-(mercaptomethyl)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropyl]leucine); SQ-28603 (N-[2-(mercaptomethyl)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropyl]-β-alanine); SQ-29072 (7-[[2-(mercaptomethyl)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropyl]amino]heptanoic acid); thiorphan and its prodrug racecadotril; UK-69578 (cis-4-[[[1-[2-carboxy-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propyl]cyclopentyl]carbonyl]amino]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid); UK-447,841 (2-{1-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)propylcarbamoyl]-cyclopentylmethyl}-4-methoxybutyric acid); UK-505,749 ((R)-2-methyl-3-{1-[3-(2-methylbenzothiazol-6-yl)propylcarbamoyl]cyclopentyl}propionic acid); 5-biphenyl-4-yl-4-(3-carboxypropionylamino)-2-methylpentanoic acid and 5-biphenyl-4-yl-4-(3-carboxypropionylamino)-2-methylpentanoic acid ethyl ester (WO 2007/056546); daglutril [(3S,2′R)-3-{1-[2′-(ethoxycarbonyl)-4′-phenylbutyl]-cyclopentan-1-carbonylamino1-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2-oxo-1H-1-benzazepine-1-acetic acid] described in WO 2007/106708 to Khder et al. (Novartis AG); and combinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the NEP inhibitor is selected from AHU-377, candoxatril, candoxatrilat, CGS-24128, phosphoramidon, SCH-32615, SCH-34826, SQ-28603, thiorphan, and combinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the NEP inhibitor is a compound such as daglutril or CGS-26303 ([N-[2-(biphenyl-4-yl)-1(S)-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)ethyl]amino]methylphosphonic acid), which have activity both as inhibitors of the endothelin converting enzyme (ECE) and of NEP. Other dual acting ECE/NEP compounds can also be used. The NEP inhibitor will be administered in an amount sufficient to provide from about 20-800 mg per day, with typical daily dosages ranging from 50-700 mg per day, more commonly 100-600 or 100-300 mg per day.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a nitric oxide donor, examples of which include, but are not limited to nicorandil;

organic nitrates such as pentaerythritol tetranitrate; and sydnonimines such as linsidomine and molsidomine.

In yet another embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID). Representative NSAIDs include, but are not limited to: acemetacin, acetyl salicylic acid, alclofenac, alminoprofen, amfenac, amiprilose, aloxiprin, anirolac, apazone, azapropazone, benorilate, benoxaprofen, bezpiperylon, broperamole, bucloxic acid, carprofen, clidanac, diclofenac, diflunisal, diftalone, enolicam, etodolac, etoricoxib, fenbufen, fenclofenac, fenclozic acid, fenoprofen, fentiazac, feprazone, flufenamic acid, flufenisal, fluprofen, flurbiprofen, furofenac, ibufenac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, indoprofen, isoxepac, isoxicam, ketoprofen, ketorolac, lofemizole, lornoxicam, meclofenamate, meclofenamic acid, mefenamic acid, meloxicam, mesalamine, miroprofen, mofebutazone, nabumetone, naproxen, niflumic acid, oxaprozin, oxpinac, oxyphenbutazone, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, pirprofen, pranoprofen, salsalate, sudoxicam, sulfasalazine, sulindac, suprofen, tenoxicam, tiopinac, tiaprofenic acid, tioxaprofen, tolfenamic acid, tolmetin, triflumidate, zidometacin, zomepirac, and combinations thereof. In a particular embodiment, the NSAID is selected from etodolac, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, ketorolac, meloxicam, naproxen, oxaprozin, piroxicam, and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, examples of which include, by way of illustration and not limitation, including amantadine, dextromethorphan, dextropropoxyphene, ketamine, ketobemidone, memantine, methadone, and so forth.

In still another embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with an opioid receptor agonist (also referred to as opioid analgesics). Representative opioid receptor agonists include, but are not limited to: buprenorphine, butorphanol, codeine, dihydrocodeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, levallorphan, levorphanol, meperidine, methadone, morphine, nalbuphine, nalmefene, nalorphine, naloxone, naltrexone, nalorphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pentazocine, propoxyphene, tramadol, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the opioid receptor agonist is selected from codeine, dihydrocodeine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone, tramadol, and combinations thereof.

In a particular embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, particularly a PDE-V inhibitor. Representative PDE-V inhibitors include, but are not limited to, avanafil, lodenafil, mirodenafil, sildenafil (Revatio™), tadalafil (Adcirca⊥), vardenafil (Levitra™), and udenafil.

In another embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a prostaglandin analog (also referred to as prostanoids or prostacyclin analogs). Representative prostaglandin analogs include, but are not limited to, beraprost sodium, bimatoprost, epoprostenol, iloprost, latanoprost, tafluprost, travoprost, and treprostinil, with bimatoprost, latanoprost, and tafluprost being of particular interest.

In yet another embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a prostaglandin receptor agonist, examples of which include, but are not limited to, bimatoprost, latanoprost, travoprost, and so forth.

Compounds of the invention may also be administered in combination with a renin inhibitor, examples of which include, but are not limited to, aliskiren, enalkiren, remikiren, and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Representative SSRIs include, but are not limited to: citalopram and the citalopram metabolite desmethylcitalopram, dapoxetine, escitalopram (e.g., escitalopram oxalate), fluoxetine and the fluoxetine desmethyl metabolite norfluoxetine, fluvoxamine (e.g., fluvoxamine maleate), paroxetine, sertraline and the sertraline metabolite demethylsertraline, and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a 5-HT_(1D) serotonin receptor agonist, examples of which include, by way of illustration and not limitation, triptans such as almotriptan, avitriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan rizatriptan, sumatriptan, and zolmitriptan.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a sodium channel blocker, examples of which include, by way of illustration and not limitation, carbamazepine, fosphenytoin, lamotrigine, lidocaine, mexiletine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator or activator, examples of which include, but are not limited to ataciguat, riociguat, and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), examples of which include, by way of illustration and not limitation, amitriptyline, amitriptylinoxide, butriptyline, clomipramine, demexiptiline, desipramine, dibenzepin, dimetacrine, dosulepin, doxepin, imipramine, imipraminoxide, lofepramine, melitracen, metapramine, nitroxazepine, nortriptyline, noxiptiline, pipofezine, propizepine, protriptyline, quinupramine, and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, compounds of the invention are administered in combination with a vasopressin receptor antagonist, examples of which include, by way of illustration and not limitation, conivaptan and tolvaptan.

Combined secondary therapeutic agents may also be helpful in further combination therapy with compounds of the invention. For example, compounds of the invention can be combined with a diuretic and an ARB, or a calcium channel blocker and an ARB, or a diuretic and an ACE inhibitor, or a calcium channel blocker and a statin. Specific examples include, a combination of the ACE inhibitor enalapril (in the maleate salt form) and the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide, which is sold under the mark Vaseretic™, or a combination of the calcium channel blocker amlodipine (in the besylate salt form) and the ARB olmesartan (in the medoxomil prodrug form), or a combination of a calcium channel blocker and a statin, all may also be used with the compounds of the invention. Other therapeutic agents such as az-adrenergic receptor agonists and vasopressin receptor antagonists may also be helpful in combination therapy. Exemplary az-adrenergic receptor agonists include clonidine, dexmedetomidine, and guanfacine.

The following formulations illustrate representative pharmaceutical compositions of the invention.

Exemplary Hard Gelatin Capsules for Oral Administration

A compound of the invention (50 g), 440 g spray-dried lactose and 10 g magnesium stearate are thoroughly blended. The resulting composition is then loaded into hard gelatin capsules (500 mg of composition per capsule). Alternately, a compound of the invention (20 mg) is thoroughly blended with starch (89 mg), microcrystalline cellulose (89 mg) and magnesium stearate (2 mg). The mixture is then passed through a No. 45 mesh U.S. sieve and loaded into a hard gelatin capsule (200 mg of composition per capsule).

Alternately, a compound of the invention (30 g), a secondary agent (20 g), 440 g spray-dried lactose and 10 g magnesium stearate are thoroughly blended, and processed as described above.

Exemplary Gelatin Capsule Formulation for Oral Administration

A compound of the invention (100 mg) is thoroughly blended with polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (50 mg) and starch powder (250 mg). The mixture is then loaded into a gelatin capsule (400 mg of composition per capsule). Alternately, a compound of the invention (70 mg) and a secondary agent (30 mg) are thoroughly blended with polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (50 mg) and starch powder (250 mg), and the resulting mixture loaded into a gelatin capsule (400 mg of composition per capsule).

Alternately, a compound of the invention (40 mg) is thoroughly blended with microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 103; 259.2 mg) and magnesium stearate (0.8 mg). The mixture is then loaded into a gelatin capsule (Size #1, White, Opaque) (300 mg of composition per capsule).

Exemplary Tablet Formulation for Oral Administration

A compound of the invention (10 mg), starch (45 mg) and microcrystalline cellulose (35 mg) are passed through a No. 20 mesh U.S. sieve and mixed thoroughly. The granules so produced are dried at 50-60° C. and passed through a No. 16 mesh U.S. sieve. A solution of polyvinylpyrrolidone (4 mg as a 10% solution in sterile water) is mixed with sodium carboxymethyl starch (4.5 mg), magnesium stearate (0.5 mg), and talc (1 mg), and this mixture is then passed through a No. 16 mesh U.S. sieve. The sodium carboxymethyl starch, magnesium stearate and talc are then added to the granules. After mixing, the mixture is compressed on a tablet machine to afford a tablet weighing 100 mg.

Alternately, a compound of the invention (250 mg) is thoroughly blended with microcrystalline cellulose (400 mg), silicon dioxide fumed (10 mg), and stearic acid (5 mg). The mixture is then compressed to form tablets (665 mg of composition per tablet).

Alternately, a compound of the invention (400 mg) is thoroughly blended with cornstarch (50 mg), crosscarmellose sodium (25 mg), lactose (120 mg), and magnesium stearate (5 mg). The mixture is then compressed to form a single-scored tablet (600 mg of composition per tablet).

Alternately, a compound of the invention (100 mg) is thoroughly blended with cornstarch (100 mg) with an aqueous solution of gelatin (20 mg). The mixture is dried and ground to a fine powder. Microcrystalline cellulose (50 mg) and magnesium stearate (5 mg) are then admixed with the gelatin formulation, granulated and the resulting mixture compressed to form tablets (100 mg of the compound of the invention per tablet).

Exemplary Suspension Formulation for Oral Administration

The following ingredients are mixed to form a suspension containing 100 mg of the compound of the invention per 10 mL of suspension:

Ingredients Amount Compound of the invention 1.0 g Fumaric acid 0.5 g Sodium chloride 2.0 g Methyl paraben 0.15 g Propyl paraben 0.05 g Granulated sugar 25.5 g Sorbitol (70% solution) 12.85 g Veegum ® K (magnesium aluminum silicate) 1.0 g Flavoring 0.035 mL Colorings 0.5 mg Distilled water q.s. to 100 mL

Exemplary Liquid Formulation for Oral Administration

A suitable liquid formulation is one with a carboxylic acid-based buffer such as citrate, lactate and maleate buffer solutions. For example, a compound of the invention (which may be pre-mixed with DMSO) is blended with a 100 mM ammonium citrate buffer and the pH adjusted to pH 5, or is blended with a 100 mM citric acid solution and the pH adjusted to pH 2. Such solutions may also include a solubilizing excipient such as a cyclodextrin, for example the solution may include 10 wt % hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin.

Other suitable formulations include a 5% NaHCO₃ solution, with or without cyclodextrin.

Exemplary Injectable Formulation for Administration By Injection

A compound of the invention (0.2 g) is blended with 0.4 M sodium acetate buffer solution (2.0 mL). The pH of the resulting solution is adjusted to pH 4 using 0.5 N aqueous hydrochloric acid or 0.5 N aqueous sodium hydroxide, as necessary, and then sufficient water for injection is added to provide a total volume of 20 mL. The mixture is then filtered through a sterile filter (0.22 micron) to provide a sterile solution suitable for administration by injection.

Exemplary Compositions for Administration By Inhalation

A compound of the invention (0.2 mg) is micronized and then blended with lactose (25 mg). This blended mixture is then loaded into a gelatin inhalation cartridge. The contents of the cartridge are administered using a dry powder inhaler, for example.

Alternately, a micronized compound of the invention (10 g) is dispersed in a solution prepared by dissolving lecithin (0.2 g) in demineralized water (200 mL). The resulting suspension is spray dried and then micronized to form a micronized composition comprising particles having a mean diameter less than about 1.5 μm. The micronized composition is then loaded into metered-dose inhaler cartridges containing pressurized 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in an amount sufficient to provide about 10 μg to about 500 μg of the compound of the invention per dose when administered by the inhaler.

Alternately, a compound of the invention (25 mg) is dissolved in citrate buffered (pH 5) isotonic saline (125 mL). The mixture is stirred and sonicated until the compound is dissolved. The pH of the solution is checked and adjusted, if necessary, to pH 5 by slowly adding aqueous 1 N NaOH. The solution is administered using a nebulizer device that provides about 10 μg to about 500 μg of the compound of the invention per dose.

EXAMPLES

The following Preparations and Examples are provided to illustrate specific embodiments of the invention. These specific embodiments, however, are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way unless specifically indicated.

The following abbreviations have the following meanings unless otherwise indicated and any other abbreviations used herein and not defined have their standard, generally accepted meaning:

-   -   AcOH acetic acid     -   BOC t-butoxycarbonyl (—C(O)OC(CH₃)₃)     -   DCM dichloromethane or methylene chloride     -   DIPEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine     -   DMA N,N-dimethylacetamide     -   DMF N,N-dimethylformamide     -   EDC 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide     -   Et₃N triethylamine     -   Et₂O diethyl ether     -   EtOAc ethyl acetate     -   EtOH ethanol     -   Et₃SiH triethylsilane     -   HATU N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)uronium         hexafluorophosphate     -   HCTU         (2-(6-chloro-1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethylaminium         hexafluorophosphate)     -   HEPES 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid     -   HOBt 1-hydroxybenzotriazole     -   MeCN acetonitrile     -   MeOH methanol     -   MeTHF 2-methyltetrahydrofuran     -   Pd(dppf)₂Cl₂ 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene palladium         chloride     -   Pd(PPh₃)₄ tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)     -   PE petroleum ether     -   PMB p-methoxybenzyl     -   PyBOP benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(pyrrolidino)phosphonium         hexafluorophosphate     -   SilicaCat™DPP-Pd silica based diphenylphosphine palladium (II)         catalyst     -   TFA trifluoroacetic acid     -   THF tetrahydrofuran

Unless noted otherwise, all materials, such as reagents, starting materials and solvents, were purchased from commercial suppliers (such as Sigma-Aldrich, Fluka Riedel-de Haën, and the like) and were used without further purification.

Reactions were run under nitrogen atmosphere, unless noted otherwise. The progress of reactions were monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC), analytical high performance liquid chromatography (anal. HPLC), and mass spectrometry, the details of which are given in specific examples. Solvents used in analytical HPLC were as follows: solvent A was 98% H₂O/2% MeCN/1.0 mL/L TFA; solvent B was 90% MeCN/10% H₂O/1.0 mL/L TFA.

Reactions were worked up as described specifically in each preparation for example; commonly reaction mixtures were purified by extraction and other purification methods such as temperature-, and solvent-dependent crystallization, and precipitation. In addition, reaction mixtures were routinely purified by preparative HPLC, typically using Microsorb C18 and Microsorb BDS column packings and conventional eluents. Progress of reactions was typically measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS). Characterization of isomers were done by Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOE). Characterization of reaction products was routinely carried out by mass and ¹H-NMR spectrometry. For NMR measurement, samples were dissolved in deuterated solvent (CD₃OD, CDCl₃, or DMSO-d₆), and ¹H-NMR spectra were acquired with a Varian Gemini 2000 instrument (400 MHz) under standard observation conditions. Mass spectrometric identification of compounds was typically conducted using an electrospray ionization method (ESMS) with an Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.) model API 150 EX instrument or an Agilent (Palo Alto, Calif.) model 1200 LC/MSD instrument.

Preparation 1: (R)-3-[N-(4-bromobenzyl)-N′-t-butoxycarbonylhydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Methyl Ester

4-Bromobenzyl bromide (5.0 g, 20 mmol) and DIPEA (3.5 mL, 20.0 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (20 mL). t-Butyl carbazate (7.9 g, 60.0 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature until the reaction was complete. The mixture was partially concentrated, then the residue was partitioned between EtOAc and a saturated aqueous NaHCO₂ solution. The EtOAc layer was then dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography to yield Compound 1 (3.8 g).

Compound 1 (1.9 g, 6.3 mmol) was dissolved in isopropyl alcohol (26.4 mL). Methyl (2R)-glycidate (1.1 mL, 12.6 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated at 90° C. until the reaction was complete (˜4 days). The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated to yield the title compound as a white solid (2.5 g).

Preparation 2: N′-(4-Bromobenzyl)hydrazinecarboxylic Acid t-Butyl Ester

To a stirred solution of t-butyl carbazate (50 g, 0.4 mol) in dry THF (400 mL) was added dropwise a solution of 4-bromobenzaldehyde (70 g, 0.4 mol) in dry THF (200 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, and then concentrated in vacuo to yield Compound 1 as a yellow solid (113.8 g). LC-MS: 243 [M−tBu+H]⁺.

To a solution of Compound 1 (113.8 g, 0.4 mol) in dry THF (1 L) was added NaCNBH₃ (36 g, 0.6 mol) in portions at 0° C. AcOH (180 mL) was added dropwise and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Water (2 L) and EtOAc (1.5 L) were added and the aqueous phase was adjusted to pH=7 with a saturated aqueous Na₂COsolution. The organic layer was separated, washed with saturated aqueous NaCl and water (200 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was treated with MeOH (2 L) and 1N NaOH (1.5 L), and then stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. After the removal of the MeOH solvent, the precipitate was collected by filtration to yield the title compound as a white solid (112 g). LC-MS: 245 [M−tBu+H]⁺.

Preparation 3: (R)-3-N′-t-Butoxycarbonyl-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Methyl Ester

To a solution of N′-(4-bromobenzyl)hydrazinecarboxylic acid t-butyl ester (60 g, 0.2 mol) in 1, 4-dioxane (1.5 mL) was added 5-chloro-2-fluorophenylboronic acid (38 g, 0.2 mol) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (7.3 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen for 10 minutes, and then, K₂CO₃ (55.2 g, 0.4 mol) in water (240 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 3 hours, and then cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was extracted with EtOAc (3×300 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SOand concentrated in vacuo. The product was purified by column chromatography (hexanes/EtOAc=10:1˜5:1) to yield Compound 1 as a pink solid (56 g). LC-MS: 701 [2M+H]⁺.

To a solution of Compound 1 (20 g, 57 mmol) in isopropyl alcohol (250 mL) was added methyl (2R)-glycidate (8.7 g, 86 mmol) under nitrogen. The mixture was stirred at 85° C. for 3 days, then cooled to room temperature. The precipitated solid was collected by filtration to yield the title compound as an off-white solid (18.5 g). LC-MS: 397 [M−tBu+H⁺.

Preparation 4: (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Ethyl Ester

(R)-3-[N-(4-Bromobenzyl)-N′-t-butoxycarbonylhydrazino]-2-hy droxypropionic acid methyl ester (1.0 g, 2.5 mmol), 5-chloro-2-fluorophenylboronic acid (865 mg, 5.0 mmol), and K₂CO₃ (857 mg, 6.2 mmol), were combined in EtOH (30 mL, 500 mmol) and water (8 mL, 400 mmol), followed by the addition of SilicaCat®DPP-Pd (0.28 mmol/g loading; 886 mg, 248 μmop. The mixture was heated at 90° C. until the reaction was complete (2 hours). The precipitate was filtered off, and the filtrate was concentrated and purified by reverse phase chromatography (30-95% MeCN in water with 0.5% TFA). The clean fractions were collected, lyophilized, and combined with 4 M HCl in dioxane (8 mL, 30 mmol) and EtOH (10 mL, 200 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature until the reaction was complete (7 hours). The mixture was concentrated to yield an oil, which was stirred in ether with few drops of EtOH overnight. The precipitate was filtered off and rinsed with ether to yield the title compound (140 mg).

Alternate Preparation of (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Ethyl Ester

A solution of (R)-3-[N′-t-butoxycarbonyl-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid methyl ester (20 g, 16 mmol) in HCl/EtOH (1.1 M, 200 mL) was stirred overnight and then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dispersed in EtOAc (2×40 mL), and the precipitate was collected by filtration to give the title compound as an off-white solid HCl salt (8.8 g). LC-MS: 367 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ6 1.05 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3 H), 3.05-3.03 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2 H), 4.06-3.95 (m, 4 H), 4.42 (br, 1 H), 6.46 (br, 1 H), 7.62-7.40 (m, 7 H), 9.42 (s, 3 H).

Preparation 5: 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carb oxy c Acid

A mixture of 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (200.0 mg, 747 μmol), LiOH (71.6 mg, 1.5 mmol) in water (2 mL), and MeOH (10.0 mL, 247 mmol) was stirred at room temperature overnight then concentrated. The residue was acidified with 1N HCl to pH 3-4, forming a precipitate, which was filtered, washed with water (2×5 mL), and dried in vacuo to yield the title compound (100.6 mg).

Preparation 6: (R)-3-[N-(4-Bromobenzyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Ethyl Ester

A solution of (R)-3-[N-(4-bromobenzyl)-N′-t-butoxycarbonylhydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid methyl ester (25 g, 62 mmol) in EtOH/HCl (1M, 310 mL, 0.3 mol) was stirred overnight until the reaction was complete. The mixture was then concentrated and the residue was washed with EtOAc (120 mL) and filtered. The solids were collected to yield the title compound as a white solid HCl salt(15 g).

Preparation 7: (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 5-methyl-2-oxo-[1,39 dioxol-4-ylmethyl Ester

LiOH hydrate (3 g, 73 mmol ) in water (60 mL) was added to (R)-3-[N′-t-butoxycarbonyl-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid methyl ester (16.5 g, 36.5 mmol) in MeOH (300 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, and the MeOH was evaporated in vacuo. The mixture was adjusted to pH=5 with 1 M aqueous HCl, and the residue was extracted with EtOAc (2×300 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated in vacuo to yield Compound 1 as a white solid (18 g). LC-MS: 383 [M−tBu+H]⁺.

To a solution of Compound 1 (1.5 g, 3.42 mmol), K₂CO₃ (0.95g, 6.84 mmol) and potassium iodide (20 mg) in DMF (40 mL) was added 4-(bromomethyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one (0.8 g, 4.1 mmol) in DMF (15 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 4 hours at room temperature. Saturated aqueous NaCl (30 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (hexanes/EtOAc=1:1) to yield Compound 2 as a yellow solid (930 mg). LC-MS: 495 [M−tBu+H]⁺.

Compound 2 (400 mg, 0.73mmol) was dissolved in MeCN (20 mL), and cooled to 0° C. N-trimethylsilylimidazole (290 mg, 1.46 mmol) was added dropwise and the resulting mixture was stirred for 2 hours. MeOH (50 mL) was added to quench the reaction. The mixture was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (2×50 mL) and extracted with DCM (2×80 mL). The combined organic layers were aver anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The product was collected to yield the title compound as a yellow solid (200 mg). LC-MS: 451 [M+H]⁺.

Preparation 8: 5-Oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carboxylic Acid

Methyl 2,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-phenyl-1h-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylate (300.0 mg, 1.4 mmol) was mixed with MeOH (4.5 mL, 110 mmol) and water (0.5 mL, 30 mmol) at room temperature, then treated with LiOH monohydrate (0.1 g, 2.7 mmol) at room temperature overnight. The mixture was concentrated and the resulting residue was acidified to pH˜1 with 1N aqueous HCl. The resulting solids were filtered and rinsed with water, then dried in vacuo to give the title compound as a yellowish solid (185 mg), which was used without further purification.

Preparation 9: 2-Trityl-2H-tetrazole-5-carboxylate Lithium Salt

Ethyl-5-tetrazolecarboxylate sodium salt (2.3 g, 14 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (20 mL, 200 mmol). The mixture was 0° C. Triphenylmethyl chloride (3.9 g, 14.1 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, yielding a slurry. The slurry was slowly poured into cold stirred water (200 mL). The resulting slurry was stirred for 15 minutes (bicarbonate was added to keep the pH basic), then filtered and dried to yield a white solid (5.1 g). The solid was suspended in MeOH (50 mL, 1.0 mol), followed by the addition of LiOH monohydrate (886 mg, 21.1 mmol) dissolved in water (10 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Any solids were filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated by rotary evaporation. EtOAc (50 mL) was added and the mixture was dried. This was repeated two more times. The product was then dried under high vacuum at room temperature to yield the title compound.

Preparation 10: (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2-trityl-2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid

2-Trityl-2H-tetrazole-5-carboxylate lithium salt (385.2 mg, 1.1 mmol) and HATU (404.3 mg, 1.1 mmol) in DMF (5.9 mL, 76 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester (300 mg, 818 μmol) was added followed by DIPEA (285 μL, 1.6 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (10.0 mL) and water (2.0 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (2.0 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to give a yellowish oil. The oily residue was then purified by flash chromatography (0-50% EtOAc/hexanes). The desired fractions were combined and concentrated to give a light yellowish oil (combined with other lots for a total of 147.2 mg). This residue was dissolved in MeOH (5.0 mL, 120 mmol) and water (0.5 mL, 30 mmol) at room temperature. LiOH monohydrate (17.5 mg, 417 μmol) was added and allowed to sit for 30 minutes. The mixture was concentrated, and the resulting residue was treated with EtOAc (10.0 mL) and acidified with 1N HCl till pH˜3. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (3×3.0 mL), dried over sodium Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to yield the title compound as a white foam (99.4 mg).

Preparation 11: Lithium 1-Allyl-1H-tetrazole-5-carboxylate

To a stirred solution of 1H-tetrazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (2.0 g, 14.1 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (2.3 g, 16.9 mmol) and 3-bromoprop-1-ene (1.9 g, 15.4 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was warmed to room temperature, stirred overnight, then poured into water (200 mL). The resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to yield Compound 1 as a yellow oil (2.3 g). LC-MS: 183 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of Compound 1 (2.3 g, 12.6 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL) was added a solution of LiOH.H₂O (636 mg, 15.2 mmol) in water (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours, the solids were filtered off, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to yield the title compound as a yellow solid (2.0 g), which was used without further purification.

Preparation 12: (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Ethyl Ester

To a stirred solution of t-butyl carbazate (50 g, 0.4 mol) in dry THF (400 mL) was added dropwise a solution of 4-bromobenzaldehyde (70 g, 0.4 mol) in dry THF (200 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, and then concentrated in vacuo to yield Compound 1 as a yellow solid (113.8 g). LC-MS: 243 [M−tBu+H]⁺.

To a solution of Compound 1 (113.8 g, 0.4 mol) in dry THF (1 L) was added NaCNBH₃ (36 g, 0.6 mol) in portions at 0° C. AcOH (180 mL) was added dropwise and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Water (2 L) and EtOAc (1.5 L) were added and the aqueous phase was adjusted to pH 7 with a saturated aqueous Na₂CO₃ solution. The organic layer was separated, washed with saturated aqueous NaCl and water (200 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was treated with MeOH (2 L) and 1N NaOH (1.5 L), and then stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. After the removal of the MeOH solvent, the precipitate was collected by filtration to yield Compound 2 as a white solid (112 g). LC-MS: 245 [M−tBu+H]⁺.

To a solution of Compound 2 (60 g, 0.2 mol) in 1,4-dioxane (1.5 mL) was added 5-chloro-2-fluorophenylboronic acid (38 g, 0.2 mol) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (7.3 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen for 10 minutes, and K₂CO₃ (55.2 g , 0.4 mol) in water (240 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 3 hours, then cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was extracted with EtOAc (3×300 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The product was purified by column chromatography (PE:EtOAc=10:1˜5:1) to yield Compound 3 as a pink solid (56 g). LC-MS: 701 [2M+H]⁺.

To a solution of Compound 3 (20 g, 57 mmol) in isopropyl alcohol (250 mL) was added methyl (2R)-glycidate (8.7 g, 86 mmol) under nitrogen. The mixture was stirred at 85° C. for 3 days, then cooled to room temperature. The precipitated solid was collected by filtration to yield Compound 4 as an off-white solid (18.5 g). LC-MS: 397 [M−tBu+H]⁺.

A solution of Compound 4 (20 g, 16 mmol) in HCl/EtOH (1.1 M, 200 mL) was stirred overnight and then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dispersed in EtOAc (2×40 mL), and the precipitate was collected by filtration to give the title compound as an off-white solid HCl salt (8.8 g). LC-MS: 367 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ1.05 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 3.05-3.03 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.06-3.95 (m, 4H), 4.42 (br, 1H), 6.46 (br, 1H), 7.62-7.40 (m, 7H), 9.42 (s, 3H).

Preparation 13: Lithium (R)-3-(2-(1-Allyl-1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)-1-((5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)methyl)hydrazinyl)-2-hydroxypropanoate

To a solution of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester (3.4 g, 8.3 mmol) and lithium 1-allyl-1H-tetrazole-5-carboxylate (2.0 g, 12.50 mmol) in DMF (40 mL) were added PyBOP (8.7 g, 16.7 mmol) and DIPEA (2.1 g, 16.7 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. under nitrogen. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2.5 hours, then poured into water (400 mL). The resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc (2×200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE:EtOAc=5:1˜4:1˜3:1) to yield Compound 1 as a yellow oil (2.5 g). LC-MS: 503 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of Compound 1 (2.5 g, 4.97 mmol) in EtOH (25 mL) was added a solution of LiOH.H₂O (250 mg, 6.0 mmol) in water (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours, the solids were filtered off, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to yield the title compound as a yellow solid (2.2 g), which was used without further purification.

Preparation 14: (R)-3-{N-(3′-Chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(4-methoxybenzyloxy)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Isopropyl Ester

N′-(3′-Chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazinecarboxylic acid t-butyl ester (400.0 g, 1.2 mol) was combined with IPA (7.0 L, 91 mol) and (R)-oxirane-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (105.2 mL, 1.2 mol) under nitrogen. The mixture was heated at 83° C. for 51 hours. Additional (R)-oxirane-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester (52.61 mL, 600.9 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated at 84° C. for 48 hours. Sodium cyanoborohydride (1.0 g, 16 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated at 80° C. and the reaction monitored (≈48 hours). Additional sodium cyanoborohydride (1 g) was added and the mixture was heated at reflux (≈3 days). The mixture was then cooled slowly at 15° C.; filtered, and dried to yield Compound 1 (470 g).

Compound 1 (880 mg, 1.9 mmol) was combined with 3 M HCl in CPME (7 mL, 20 mmol). The mixture was then stirred on an ice bath and the reaction monitored for completion (≈2.5 hours). The solids were collected, washed with CPME (0.5 mL), and dried to yield a white powder (0.6 g; HCl salt). The powder was then dissolved in IPA (15 mL) and heated to reflux. The resulting slurry was allowed to cool to room temperature and stirred for 1 hour. The solids were collected to yield Compound 2 as a white solid.

To a stirred solution of methyl 3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carboxylate (5.0 g, 35 mmol) in DMF (20 mL, 300 mmol) at 0° C. was added K₂CO₃ (5.4 g, 39.4 mmol). After 10 minutes at room temperature p-methoxybenzyl chloride (5.5 mL, 40.2 mmol) was added in one portion. The resulting mixture was heated at 60° C. for 2 hours and then cooled to room temperature and stirred overnight. 1.0 M HCl in water (150 mL) and EtOAc (150 mL) were added and the phases were separated. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation to yield a thick oil. The oil was dissolved in THF (35 mL) and MeOH (35 mL), followed by addition of LiOH monohydrate (2.9 g, 69.9 mmol) dissolved in water (35 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature and the reaction monitored for completion (≈3 hours). Solvent was removed by rotary evaporation at 30° C. to yield a pasty solid. Toluene (100 mL) was added and the volume was reduced (to ˜50 ml ). EtOAc (200 mL) was added and the volume was reduced (to ˜50ml ). Filtration and drying yielded a solid (10 g), which was dissolved in water (200 mL), and the pH was adjusted slowly with concentrated HCl to ≈2. EtOAc (200 mL) was added and the phases were separated. The aqueous layer was back extracted with EtOAc (200 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, followed by solvent removal. The product was reslurried in EtOAc:hexanes (1:1) followed by filtration to yield Compound 3 (purity>99%).

Compound 2 (18.0 g, 26.8 mmol) in DMF (90 mL) was combined with Compound 3 (7.3 g, 29 mmol) in DIPEA (12 mL, 67 mmol). The mixture was cooled at 0° C. followed by the portion-wise addition of PyBOP (18 g, 35 mmol) and the reaction monitored for completion (≈30 minutes at 0° C.). Water (540 mL) and EtOAc (540 mL) were added and the phases were separated. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (500 mL) and dried over Na₂SO₄, followed by solvent removal. The crude product was purffffffffified (SiG chromatography; 300 g column, 10-30-50% EtOAc/hexanes) to yield the title compound (9 g, purity>98%).

Preparation 15: (R)-3-N-(3′-Chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl Ester

(R)-3-{N-(3′-Chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(4-methoxybenzyloxy)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic acid isopropyl ester (2.0 g, 3.4 mmol) was combined with MeOH (40 mL, 1.0 mol). LiOH monohydrate (170 mg, 4.0 mmol) dissolved in water (5 mL, 300 mmol) was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation. The residue was mixed with MeOH and again concentrated by rotary evaporation. The residue was then dried under high vacuum at room temperature to yield crude Compound 1 (2 g).

2-Bromoacetophenone (44.6 mg, 224 μmol) was added to a mixture of Compound 1 (100.0 mg, 179.2 μmol) and K₂CO₃ (49.5 mg, 358.5 μmol) in DMF (2.0 mL, 26 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, concentrated, and purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc-hexanes=20-80%) to yield a solid (107.7 mg). The solid was combined with TFA (82.86 μL, 1.075 mmol) and anisole (194.8 μL, 1.8 mmol) in DCM (5.0 mL, 78 mmol), and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in AcOH (2 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC. The desired fractions were combined and lyophilized to yield the title compound (79.4 mg).

Preparation 16: (S)-2-t-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric Acid Chloromethyl Ester

To a mixture of (S)-2-(t-butoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (28.6 g, 130 mmol) and NaHCO₃ (44 g, 520 mmol) and Bu₄NHSO₄ (4.4 g, 13 mmol) in DCM (200 mL) and water (200 mL) was added chloromethyl sulfochloridate (26 g, 158 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours, and then was extracted with DCM (3×150 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (2×300 mL), and the DCM layer was purified by flash column (PE:EtOAc=15:1) to yield the title compound as a yellow solid (35 g). LC-MS: 266 [M+H]⁺.

Preparation 17: (S)-2-Methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric Acid Chloromethyl Ester

A solution of (S)-2-t-butoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric acid chloromethyl ester (35 g, 132 mmol) in DCM (200 mL) was added dropwise a solution of TFA (50 mL) in DCM (100 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and then concentrated in vacuo to yield crude Compound 1 as a yellow oil (21.8 g). LC-MS: 166 [M+H]⁺.

To a mixture of Compound 1 (21.8 g, 139 mmol) and methyl chloroformate (12 mL, 157 mmol) in THF (1 L) was added TEA (38 mL, 278 mmol) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours, then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column (PE:EtOAc=6:1) to yield the title compound as a yellow solid (20.3 g). LC-MS: 224 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ0.97-1.02 (m, 6H), 2.16-2.21 (m, 1H), 3.68 (s, 1H), 4.14 (d, J=4 Hz, 1H), 5.76-5.91(m, 2H).

Preparation 18: (R)-3-[N-(4-Bromobenzyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Methyl Ester

(R)-3-[N-(4-Bromobenzyl)-N′-t-butoxycarbonylhydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid methyl ester (1.1 g, 2.8 mmol) was dissolved in MeCN (10 mL) and of 4N HCl in dioxane (6 mL, 20 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature until deprotection was complete (1 hour). The precipitate was filtered and dried to yield the title compound (840 mg) as an HCl salt.

Preparation 19: 1-Allyloxy-1H-[1,2,3]triazole-4-carboxylic Acid

To a solution of 1-hydroxy-1H-[1,2,3]triazole-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (5 g, 31.8 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (5.3 g, 38.2 mmol) at room temperature. After 10 minutes, allyl bromide (4 g, 33.4 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Water (150 mL) was added, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO_(4.) The solution was evaporated to and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (silica gel: 200-300 mesh, eluted with PE:EA=10:1 to 5:1 to 1:1) to yield Compound 1 as a yellow oil (4.3 g). LC-MS: 198 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of Compound 1 (4.3 g, 22.0 mmol) in EtOH (30 mL) was added a solution of LiOH (1.2 g, 28.5 mmol) in water (10 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was concentrated, water (10 mL) was added, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL). The aqueous layer was acidified by 1N HCl to pH 3, and extracted with EtOAc (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solution was evaporated to yield the title compound as a white solid (3.5 g). LC-MS: 170 M+H]⁺.

Preparation 20: (R)-3-[N′-(1-Allyloxy-1H-[1,2,39 triazole-4-carbonyl)-N-(2′,5′-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid

To a solution of (R)-3-[N-(2′,5′-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethy)hydrazino]-2-hydroxy-propionic acid ethyl ester (HCl salt, 4 g, 9.9 mmol) and 1-allyloxy-1H-[1,2,39 triazole-4-carboxylic acid (1.7 g, 9.9 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) was added PyBOP (5.2 g, 9.9) and DIPEA (3.2 g, 24.8 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. Water (200 mL) was added, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×100 mL), and the combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (silica gel: 200-300 mesh; eluted with PE:EtOAc=10:1 to 5:1 to 1:1) to yield Compound 1 as a light yellow solid (4.2 g). LC-MS: 534 [M+H]⁺, 536 [(M+2)⁺.

To a solution of Compound 1 (4.2 g, 7.9 mmol) in THF (20 mL) and water (5 mL) was added LiOH (0.5 g, 11.8 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was concentrated, water (50 mL) was added, and the resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 20 mL). The aqueous layer was acidified by 1N HCl to pH 3 and extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solution was evaporated to yield the title compound as a yellow solid (3.5 g). LC-MS: 506 [M+H]⁺, 508 [(M+2)+H]⁺.

EXAMPLE 1A (R)-3-{N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[1-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-carbonyl]hydrazin}-2-hydroxypropionic Acid

1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-carboxylic acid (75.8 mg, 316 μmol) and HCTU (131 mg, 316 μmol) were combined in DMF (1.3 mL, 17.2 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. (R)-[3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester (105 mg, 287 μmol) and DIPEA (150 μL, 862 μmol) were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EtOH (1.0 mL, 17.2 mmol) and a solution of 1 M LiOH in water (1.4 mL, 1.4 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, then evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (75 mg, purity 100%) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₅H₂₀Cl₂FN₅O₅, 560.08; found 559.6.

EXAMPLE 1B and 1C (R)-3-{N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[1-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Ethyl Ester (Compound 1) and (R)-3-{N-(5∝-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[1-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Isobutyl Ester (Compound 2)

1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-carboxylic acid (27.6 mg, 115 μmol) and HATU (52.5 mg, 138 μmol) were stirred in DMA (1.0 mL, 11 mmol) for 10 minutes. (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester (42.2 mg, 115 μmol) and DIPEA (60.1 μL, 345 μmol) were added, and resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (20 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (2×5 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated. One half of the material was dissolved in 50% acetic acid-water (1.5 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield Compound 1 (1.3 mg, purity 96%) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₇H₂₄Cl₂FN₅O₅, 588.11; found 588.4.

The remaining half of the material was combined with isobutyl alcohol (0.5 mL, 6 mmol), and 4.0 M of HCl in 1,4-dioxane (115 μL, 460 μmol) and stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in 50% acetic acid-water (1.5 ml), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the Compound 2 (1.8 mg, purity 100%) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₉H₂₈Cl₂FN₅O₅, 616.15; found 616.4.

EXAMPLE 1D (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyric Acid (R)-3-{N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[1-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl]hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 1E (R)-3-{N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[1-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Acetoxymethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 1F (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyric Acid 5-[N′-((R)-2-Carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl)-N′-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazinocarbonyl]-2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2H-[1,2,49 triazol-3-yloxymethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 1G (R)-3-[N′-[5-Acetoxymethoxy-1-(3-chlorophenyl)-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl]-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 2A (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2-hydroxythiazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid

2-Hydroxy-5-thiazolecarboxylic acid (43.5 mg, 0.3 mmol) and HCTU (124 mg, 0.3 mmol) were stirred in DMF (1.3 mL, 16.4 mmol) for 15 minutes at room temperature. (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester (100 mg, 0.3 mmol) and DIPEA (142 pL, 818 μmol) were added, and resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was then evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EtOH (955 pL, 16.4 mmol). A solution of 1.0 M LiOH in water (1.4 mL, 1.4 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 3 hours. LC/MS showed completion. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (22 mg) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₀H₁₇ClFN₃O₅S, 466.06; found 466.0.

EXAMPLE 2B (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobipheny l-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2-hydroxythiazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Ethyl Ester

2-Hydroxy-5-thiazolecarboxylic acid (9.0 mg, 62 μmol) and HATU (28.3 μmg, 7 μmol) were stirred in DMA (0.5 mL, 5 mmol) for 10 minutes. (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester (22.7 mg, 62 μmol) and DIPEA (32.4 μL, 186 μmol) were added, and resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in 50% AcOH-water (1.5 mL), filtered, purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC, and lyophilized to yield the title compound (11.9 mg, purity 96%) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₂H₂₁ClFN₃O₅S, 494.09; found 494.4.

EXAMPLE 3A (R)-3-{N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic Acid

(R)-3-[N-(4-Bromobenzyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester (580 mg, 1.8 mmol), HCTU (756 mg, 1.8 mmol) and DMF (850 mL, 110 mmol) were combined. After 15 minutes, DIPEA (956 ΞL, 5.5 mmol) and 3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid (417 mg, 2.0 mmol) were added. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The solvent was removed under pressure and the crude residue was purified (reverse phase chromatography) to yield Compound 1 (5695 mg).

Compound 1 (700 mg, 1 mmol) and 5-chloro-2-fluorophenylboronic acid (273 mg, 1.6 mmol) were combined with K₂CO₃ (541 mg, 3.9 mmol), EtOH (4.6 mL, 78.3 mmol), toluene (13.9 mL, 130 mmol), and water (1.2 mL, 65.2 mmol). Pd(PPh₃)₄ (151 mg, 130 μmol) was then added under nitrogen, and the mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 3 hours. The mixture was filtered and evaporated and purified by preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (40 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₁H₁₉ClFN₃O₆, 464.09; found 464.0.

EXAMPLE 3B (R)-3-{N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Isobutyl Ester

3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid (15.4 mg, 74 μmol) and HATU (33.9 mg, 89 μmol) were stirred in DMA (0.5 mL, 5 mmol) for 10 minutes. (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester (27.3 mg, 74 μmol) and DIPEA (38.9 μL, 223 μmol) were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved EtOAc (20 mL) and washed with water (2×2 mL). The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The product was then mixed with isobutyl alcohol (0.5 mL, 5 mmol) and 4.0 M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (93 μL, 372 μmol), and stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in 50% AcOH-water (1.5 ml), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (1.7 mg, purity 100%) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₃₀H₂₈ClF₂N₃O₅, 584.17; found 584.4.

EXAMPLE 3C (R)-3-{N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 5-Methyl-2-oxo-[1,39 dioxol-4-ylmethyl Ester

EDCI (92 mg, 480 μmol) and HOBT (65 mg, 480 μmol) were added to a solution of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid 5-methyl-2-oxo-[1,39 dioxol-4-ylmethyl ester (108 mg, 240 μmol) and 3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid (50 mg, 240 μmol) in DMF (20 mL). DIPEA (62 mg, 480 μmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 5 hours at room temperature. The mixture was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (2×30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (hexanes/EtOAc=1:1) to yield the title compound as a white solid (58 mg). LC-MS: 640.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR: (CDCl3) 2.07 (s, 3H), 3.43 (br, 2H), 4.4-4.2(m, 2H), 4.3 (br, 1H), 4.94-4.86 (m, 2H), 7.24-6.85 (m, 5H), 7.97-7.27 (m, 8H).

EXAMPLE 3D (R)-3-{N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic acid 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl Ester

A mixture of (R)-3-{N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic acid (30.0 mg, 57 μmol), EDC HCl (65.4 mg, 341 μmol), and HOBt hydrate (52.2 mg, 341 μmol) in DCM (0.5 mL, 8 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. 2,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoro-1-propanol (45.3 μL, 455 μmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in AcOH (2 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase prep HPLC to yield the title compound (4.8 mg, purity 90.2%) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₉H₂₁ClF₇N₃O₅, 660.11; found 660.3.

EXAMPLE 3E (R)-3-{N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)-isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Acetoxymethyl Ester

Bromomethyl acetate (11.9 μL, 121 μmol) was added to a mixture of (R)-3-{N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic acid (40.0 mg, 76 μmol) and Et₃N (21.1 μt, 152 μmol) in acetone (1.0 mL, 14 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was then concentrated and the residue was dissolved in AcOH (2 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase prep HPLC. The desired fractions were frozen and lyophilized to yield the title compound (8.5 mg, purity 98.5%) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₉H₂₄ClF₂N₃O₇, 600.13; found 600.1.

EXAMPLE 3F (R)-3-{N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 2-methoxyethyl Ester

Ethane, 1-bromo-2-methoxy (5.7 μL, 0.1 mmol) was added to a mixture of (R)-3-{N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenypisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic acid (20.0 mg, 38 μmol) and Et₃N (13.2 μL, 0.1 mmol) in acetone (1.0 mL, 14 mmol), and resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. overnight. The mixture was concentrated, and the residue was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (10.7 mg, purity 95.7%) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₉H₂₆ClF₂N₃O₆, 586.15; found 585.8.

EXAMPLE 3G Butyric acid (R)-3-{N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl Ester

Chloromethyl butyrate (11.4 μL, 0.1 mmol) and NaI (13.6 mg, 0.1 mmol) were combined in acetone (0.7 mL, 10 mmol) and heated at 65° C. for 1 hour. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature. A mixture of (R)-3-{N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-hydroxypropionic acid (16.0 mg, 30 μmol) dissolved in acetone (0.2 mL) and treated with Et₃N (8.5 μL, 61 μmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 25 minutes. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in AcOH (2.0 mL), filtered and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC. The desired fractions were combined and freeze dried to yield a yellowish solid. This solid was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC. The desired fractions were combined and freeze dried to yield the title compound (5.7 mg, purity 100%) as a TFA salt white solid. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₃₁H₂₈ClF₂N₃O₇, 628.16; found 628.

EXAMPLE 3H (R)-3-{N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Isopropoxycarbonyloxy methyl Ester

Chloromethyl isopropyl carbonate (17.3 mg, 114 μmol) and NaI 17.0 mg, 114 μmol) were combined in acetone (1.0 mL, 14 mmol) and heated at 60° C. for 1 hour. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature. A mixture of (R)-3-{N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic acid (20.0 mg, 38 μmol) dissolved in acetone (1.0 mL) and treated with Et₃N (10.6 μL, 76 μmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in AcOH (2.0 mL), filtered and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC. The product was freeze dried and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (1.8 mg, purity 100%). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₃₁H₂₈ClF₂N₃O₈, 644.15; found 644.1.

EXAMPLE 3I (R)-3-{N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-phosphonooxypropionic Acid

(R)-3-{N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxy-propionic acid (12.0 mg, 22.7 μmol) in EtOH (80 μL, 1.4 mmol) was combined with a solution of 4.0 M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (227 μL, 909 μmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in pyridine (20 μL, 250 μmol). The resulting solution was added to a solution of phosphoryl chloride (19 μL, 0.2 mmol) in acetone (67 μL, 0.9 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in EtOH (80 μL, 1.4 mmol). A solution of 1.0 M LiOH in water (1.4 mL, 1.4 mmol) was then added until the pH reached˜12. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (5 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₆H₂₁ClF₂N₃O₈P, 608.07; found 608.0.

EXAMPLE 3J (S)-2-Methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric acid (R)-3-{N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl Ester

To a solution of (R)-3-{N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic acid (200 mg, 380 μmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added 2,6-lutidine (407 mg, 3.8 mmol), (S)-2-methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric acid chloromethyl ester (170 mg, 760 μmol) and NaI (114 mg, 760 μmol). The resulting mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The solution was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (2×20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE/EA=4/1˜1/2) to yield the title compound as a white solid (90 mg). LC-MS: 714.8 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR (CD3OD-d₄): δ0.91 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 6H), 2.05-2.13 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.45 (m, 2H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 4.06-4.08 (m, 1H), 4.23-4.25 (m, 2H), 4.66-4.48 (m, 1H), 5.79-5.86 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.24-7.55 (m, 10H), 7.97-7.95 (m, 1H).

EXAMPLE 3K (R)-3-{N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Ethoxycarbonyloxymethyl Ester

2,6-Lutidine (407 mg, 3.8 mmol) was added to a solution of (R)-3-{N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic acid (200 mg, 380 μmol), carbonic acid chloromethyl ester ethyl ester (105 mg, 760 μmol) and NaI (114 mg, 760 μmol) in DMF (10 mL). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. Water (30 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×40 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC (MeCN-H₂O (0.1%TFA); Gradient 60-70) to yield the title compound as a white solid (56 mg). LC-MS: 630.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR: (CD₃OD-d₄, 400 MHz) 6 1.24 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 3H), 3.30-3.33 (m, 2H), 4.17-4.32 (m, 4H), 4.45 (t, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 5.78 (br, 2H), 7.20-7.28 (m, 1H), 7.57-7.29 (m, 10H), 7.92-7.95 (m, 1H).

EXAMPLE 3L (R)-3-{N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 1-Cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxyehyl Ester

To a solution of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester (1.5 g, 3.7 mmol), EDC (928 mg, 4.8 mmol), HOBt (653 mg, 4.8 mmol) and 3-(2-fluorophenyl)isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid (848 mg, 4.1 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added DIPEA (1.9 mL, 11.2 mmol) under nitrogen. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, then concentrated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (20 mL), washed with 0.5N aqueous HCl (10 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE:EtOAc, 10:1˜3:1) to yield Compound 1 as a solid (1.4 g).

LC-MS: 556 [M +H]⁺.

To a solution of Compound 1 (1.4 g, 2.5 mmol) in MeOH (15 mL) was added a solution of LiOH.H₂O (317 mg, 7.6 mmol) in water (3 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, and the insoluble solid was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to yield a yellow solid (1.2 g). LC-MS: 528 [M+H]⁺. The yellow solid (400 mg, 760 μmol) was dissolved in 2,6-lutidine (814 mg, 7.6 mmol) and carbonic acid 1-chloro-ethyl ester cyclohexyl ester (1.6 g, 7.6 mmol) was added. The vial was sealed and the resulting mixture was then irradiated for 30 minutes at 90° C. under microwave irradiation. Water (10 mL) was added, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with 0.5N aqueous HCl (5×5 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (PE:EtOAc, 10:1˜2:1) to yield the title compound as a white solid (60 mg). LC-MS: 698 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ1.28-1.37 (m, 6H), 1.54 (d, 3H), 1.72-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.90-1.95 (m, 2H), 3.33-3.38 (m, 2H), 4.24-4.30 (m, 2H), 4.38-4.40 (m, 1H), 4.61-4.66 (m, 1H), 6.60 (t, 0.5H), 6.80 (t, 0.5H), 7.00-7.10 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.26 (m, 3H) 7.36-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.48-7.52 (m, 5H), 7.85 (s, 0.5H), 8.00-8.04 (m, 1H), 8.15 (s, 0.5H).

EXAMPLE 4A (R)-3-{N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid

To a mixture of 3-methoxy-isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid (140 mg, 1.0 mmol) and HATU (373 mg, 1.0 mmol) in DMF (5.0 mL, 64 mmol) was added (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester (300.0 mg, 1.0 mmol) and DIPEA (0.3 mL, 1.6 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight until the reaction was complete. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (10.0 mL) and water (3.0 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (2×3.0 mL), saturated aqueous NaCl (3.0 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to yield a yellowish oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography (2×4 g stacker column, 0-100% EtOAc/hexanes). The desired fractions were combined and concentrated to yield a light yellowish oil. The oily residue was then treated with a mixture of MeOH (5.0 mL, 120 mmol) and water (1.0 mL, 56 mmol). LiOH monohydrate (68.6 mg, 1.6 mmol) was added. After stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes, the mixture was concentrated. The residue was treated with EtOAc (10.0 mL) and acidified with 1N HCl until pH˜3. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (2×3.0 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to yield the title compound as a white foam (289.7 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₁H₁₉ClFN₃O₆, 464.09; found 464.0.

EXAMPLE 4B (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 5-Methyl-2-oxo-[1,39 dioxol-4-ylmethyl Ester

EDCI (169 mg, 880 μmol) and HOBT (119 mg, 880 μmol) were added to a solution of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid 5-methyl-2-oxo-[1,3]dioxol-4-ylmethyl ester (200 mg, 440 μmol) and 3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carboxylic acid (63 mg, 440 μmol) in DMF (10 mL). DIPEA (114 mg, 880 μmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 5 hours at room temperature. The mixture was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (2×30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (hexanes/EtOAc=1:1) to yield the title compound as a white solid (60 mg). LC-MS: 576.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR: (DMSO-d₆) 2.14 (s, 3H), 3.21-3.19 (m, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 4.17-4.11 (m, 2H), 4.31 (br, 1H), 4.98(s, 2H), 5.57 (br, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 7.57-7.34 (m, 7H), 10.07 (s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 4C (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl Ester

(R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (20 mg, 43 μmol), EDC (40.16 mg, 0.2587 mmol), and HOBt hydrate (39.62 mg, 0.2587 mmol) were combined in DCM (0.5 mL, 8 mmol) and stirred at room temperature. After 10 minutes, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propanol (51.8 mg, 345 μmol) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight to yield the title compound (5.9 mg, purity 100%) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₄H₂₀ClF₆N₃O₆, 596.09; found 596.

EXAMPLE 4D (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Acetoxymethyl Ester

To a solution of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (40.0 mg, 0.1 mmol) in acetone (1.0 mL, 14 mmol) was added bromomethyl acetate (16.9 μL, 172 μmol) followed by Et₃N (24.0 μL, 172 μmol), and resulting mixture was stirred for 90 minutes. The reaction was quenched with AcOH (19.6 μL, 345 μmol) and the mixture was concentrated. The residue was dissolved in AcOH (3 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC. The desired fractions were combined and lyophilized. The solid was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (14.3 mg, purity 97.8%) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₄H₂₃ClFN₃O₈, 536.12; found 536.2.

EXAMPLE 4E (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 2-Methoxy-Ethyl Ester

1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane (12.2 μL, 129 μmol) was added to a mixture of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (20.0 mg, 43 μmol) and DIPEA (45.1 μL, 259 μmol) in acetone (1.0 mL, 14 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated at 60° C. for 4 hours. NaI (19.4 mg, 129 μmol) was added and the reaction was monitored for 2 hours. Additional 1-bromo-2-methoxyethane (3 eq.), DIEA (4 eq.), and NaI (3 eq.) were added and the heating continued overnight. Additional 1-bromo-2-methoxyethane (3 eq.), NaI (3 eq.), and DIEA (3 eq.) were added and heating continued overnight. The mixture was then concentrated, and the residue was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (2.6 mg, purity 99%). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₄H₂₅ClFN₃O₇, 522.14; found 522.4.

EXAMPLE 4F Butyric acid (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl Ester

A mixture of chloromethyl butyrate (16.2 μL, 129 μmol) and Nat (19.4 mg, 129 μmol) in acetone (0.7 mL, 10 mmol) was heated at 65° C. for 1 hour. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature and a mixture of (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (20.0 mg) and DIPEA (15.0 μL, 0.1 mmol) in acetone (0.3 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in AcOH (2.0 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC. The desired fractions were combined and freeze dried to yield a white solid. The solid was dissolved in acetic acid (1.5 mL), filtered and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (6.5 mg, purity 100%). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₆H₂₇ClFN₃O₈, 564.15; found. 564.

EXAMPLE 4G (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Ethoxycarbonyloxymethyl Ester

A mixture of chloromethyl ethyl carbonate (17.9 mg, 129 μmol) and NaI (19.4 mg, 129 μmol) in acetone (0.7 mL, 10 mmol) was heated at 65° C. for 1 hour. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature and a mixture of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (20.0 mg) and DIPEA (15.0 μL, 0.1 mmol) in acetone (0.3 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in AcOH (2.0 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC. The desired fractions were combined and freeze dried to yield a white solid. The solid was dissolved in acetic acid (1.5 mL), filtered and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (5.8 mg, purity 94%). MS m/z [M+h]⁺ calc'd for C₂₅H₂₅ClFN₃O₉, 566.13; found 566.

EXAMPLE 4H (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 2-Morpholin-4-ylethyl Ester

A mixture of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-Z-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (20.0 mg, 43 μmol), EDC (45.8 μL, 259 μmol) and HOBt hydrate (39.6 mg, 259 μmol) in DCM (0.5 mL, 8 mmol) was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. 4-Morpholineethanol (41.8 μL, 345 μmol) was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (14.1 mg) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₇H₃₀ClFN₄O₇, 577.18; found 577.

EXAMPLE 4I (S)-2-Methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric Acid (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl Ester

A mixture of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (200 mg, 430 μmol), (S)-2-methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric acid chloromethyl ester (193 mg, 860 μmol), NaI (129 mg, 860 μmol) and pyridine (136 mg, 1.7 mmol) in DMF (5.0 mL) was stirred at 25° C. overnight. The mixture was then poured into water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (30 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE:EtOAc=1:1) to yield the title compound as a colorless liquid (7 mg). LC-MS: 651.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz): δ0.95-0.97 (m, 6H), 2.06-2.14 (m, 1H), 3.34-3.39 (m, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.698 (s, 3H), 4.08-4.11 (m, 1H), 4.22-4.24 (m, 2H), 4.38-4.40 (m, 1H), 5.78-5.91 (m, 2H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 7.18-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.34-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.46-7.55 (m, 5H).

EXAMPLE 4J (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl Ester

A mixture of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (200 mg, 430 μmol), chloromethyl isopropyl carbonate (132 mg, 860 μmol), NaI (129 mg, 860 μmol) and pyridine (136 mg, 1.7 mmol) in DMF (5.0 mL) was stirred at 25° C. overnight. The mixture was then poured into water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (30 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE:EtOAc=1:1) to yield the title compound as a colorless liquid (10 mg). LC-MS: 580 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ1.28 (d, J=6 Hz, 6H), 3.37-3.39 (m, 2H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 4.22-4.24 (m, 2H), 4.38-4.40 (m, 1H), 5.78-5.91 (m, 2H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 7.22-7.18 (t, J=9 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.46-7.55 (m, 5H).

EXAMPLE 4K (R)-2-(2-Aminoacetoxy)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]propionic Acid Ethyl Ester

To a mixture of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester (300.0 mg, 818 mmol) and 3-methoxy-isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid (140.4 mg, 981 μmol) in DMF (4.0 mL, 52 mmol) at room temperature was added HATU (373.2 mg, 981 μmol) and DIPEA (427 μL, 2.4 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (10.0 mL) and water (2.0 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (2×2.0 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated to yield a yellowish oil. The oil was purified by flash chromatography (2×4g stacker column, 0-100% EtOAc/hexanes). The desired fractions were combined and concentrated to yield a colorless oil.

The oil (28.8 mg, 58.5 μmol) was combined with DIPEA (30.6 μL, 176 μmol) and added to a mixture of N-α-(t-butoxycarbonyl)glycine (12.3 mg, 70.2 μmol) and HATU (26.7 mg, 70.2 μmol) in DMF (0.5 mL, 6 mmol) at room temperature. After stirred at room temperature overnight, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (10.0 mL) and water (2.0 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to give a light yellowish oil. The oily residue was then dissolved in DCM (0.2 mL) and treated with 4.0 M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (0.2 mL, 0.8 mmol) at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was concentrated, and the resulting residue was co-evaporated with EtOAc (3×2.0 mL) to yield a white solid. The solid was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC. The desired fractions were combined and freeze dried to yield the title compound as a white solid TFA salt (8 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₅H₂₆ClFN₄O₇, 549.15; found 549.

EXAMPLE 4L (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-propionyloxypropionic Acid

Propanoyl chloride (7.3 μL, 84 μmol) was added to a mixture of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyphydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (17.0 mg, 36.7 μmol) and DIPEA (12.8 μL, 73 μmol) in DCM (0.5 mL, 8 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC. The desired fractions were combined and freeze dried to yield the title compound as a white solid (1.2 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₄H₂₃ClFN₃O₇, 520.12; found 520.1.

EXAMPLE 4M (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyric Acid (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl Ester

A mixture of NaI (19.4 mg, 129 μmol) and (S)-2-t-butoxycarbonylamino-3-methyl-butyric acid chloromethyl ester (34.4 mg, 129 μmol) in acetone (0.5 mL, 7 mmol) was heated at 65° C. for 1 hour. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature and treated with a solution of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (20.0 mg, 43.1 μmol) and DIPEA (15.0 μL, 86.2 μmol) in acetone (0.3 mL, 4 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, then concentrated. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc (5.0 mL) and water (2.0 mL). The organic layer was washed with water (2.0 mL), saturated aqueous NaCl (2.0 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated to yield a colorless oil. The oil was further dried in vacuo for 30 minutes and then stored in the freezer overnight. The oil was then treated with a 1:1 mixture of DCM/TFA (0.3 mL) at room temperature for 30 minutes, and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC. The desired fractions were combined and freeze dried to yield the title compound as a white solid TFA salt (7.3 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₇H₃₀ClFN₄O₈, 593.17; found 593.1.

EXAMPLE 4N (S)-2-Methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric Acid (R)-1-Carboxy-2-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]ethyl Ester

(S)-2-Methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric acid (5.7 mg, 32.3 μmol) and HATU (12.3 mg, 32.3 μmol) were stirred in DMA (1.0 mL, 11 mmol) for 15 minutes. (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (10.0 mg, 21.6 μmol) and DIPEA (11.3 μL, 64.7 μmol) were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was concentrated, and the residue was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered, and purification by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (2.7 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₈H₃₀ClFN₄O₉, 621.17; found 621.3.

EXAMPLE 4O (S) -2 -Aminopropionic Acid (R)-1-Carboxy-2-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]ethyl Ester

(S)-2-t-Butoxycarbonylaminopropionic acid (12.2 mg, 64.7 μmol) and HATU (24.6 mg, 64.7 μmol) were stirred in DMA (1.0 mL, 11 mmol) for 10 minutes. (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (20.0 mg, 43.1 μmol) and DIPEA (22.5 μL, 129 μmol) were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight then concentrated. 4.0 M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (0.2 mL, 0.8 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was allowed to stand for 1 hour, then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound as a TFA salt (3.9 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₄H₂₄ClFN₄O₇, 535.13; found 535.4.

EXAMPLE 4P (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyric Acid (R)-1—Carboxy-24N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino] ethyl Ester

N-(t-Butoxycarbonyl)-L-valine (14.0 mg, 64.7 μmol) and HATU (24.6 mg, 64.7 μmol) were stirred in DMA (1.0 mL, 11 mmol) for 10 minutes. (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (20.0 mg, 43.1 μmol) and DIPEA (22.5 μL, 129 μmol) were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight then concentrated. 4.0 M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (0.2 mL, 0.8 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was allowed to stand for 1 hour, then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound as a TFA salt (3.5 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₆H₂₈ClFN₄O₇, 563.16; found 563.4.

EXAMPLE 4Q (R)-2-(2-Aminoacetoxy)-3-{N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl) -N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]propionic Acid

N-α-(t-Butoxycarbonyl)glycine (11.3 mg, 64.7 μmol) and HATU (24.6 mg, 64.7 μmol) were stirred in DMA (1.0 mL, 11 mmol) for 10 minutes. (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobipiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (20.0 mg, 43.1 μmol) and DIPEA (22.5 μL, 129 μmol) were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight then concentrated. 4.0 M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (0.2 mL, 0.8 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was allowed to stand for 1 hour, then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound as a TFA salt (5.8 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₃H₂₂ClFN₄O₇, 521.12; found 521.6.

EXAMPLE 4R (R)-3-N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 1-Cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxyethyl Ester

To a solution of compound (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester (1.2 g, 3.0 mmol), EDC (742 mg, 3.9 mmol), HOBt (523 mg, 3.9 mmol) and 3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carboxylic acid (468 mg, 3.3 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added DIPEA (1.48 mL, 8.9 mmol) under nitrogen. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, then concentrated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (20 mL), washed with 0.5N aqueous HCl (10 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (10 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE:EtOAc, 10:1˜3:1) to yield Compound 1 as a solid (970 mg). LC-MS: [M+H]⁺: 492.

To a solution of Compound 1 (970 mg, 2.0 mmol) in MeOH (15 mL) was added a solution of LiOH.H₂O (248 mg, 5.9 mmol) in water (3 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, and the insoluble solid was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to yield a yellow solid (780 mg). LC-MS: 464 [M+H]⁺. The yellow solid (200 mg, 430 μmol) was dissolved in 2,6-lutidine (460 mg, 4.3 mmol) and carbonic acid 1-chloro-ethyl ester cyclohexyl ester (888 mg, 4.3 mmol) was added. The vial was sealed and the resulting mixture was then irradiated for 30 minutes at 90° C. under microwave irradiation. Water (10 mL) was added, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with 0.5N aqueous HCl (4×5 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC (Gemini-C18 150×21.2 mm, 5 μ, MeCN—H₂O (0.1% TFA); from 43% to 43%) to yield the title compound as a white solid (7 mg). LC-MS: 634 [M+H]⁺, ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ1.28-1.37 (m, 6H), 1.54 (d, 3H), 1.70-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.84-1.87 (m, 2H), 3.26-3.29 (m, 2H), 3.38-3.43 (m, 1H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 4.19-4.20 (m, 2H), 4.38-4.50 (m, 1H), 4.50-4.57 (m, 1H), 6.50 (m, 1H), 6.75 (t, 1H), 7.18-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.35-7.37 (m, 1H), 7.48-7.52 (m, 4H).

EXAMPLE 5A (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid

5-Oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-carboxylic acid (56.4 mg, 275 μmol) was combined with HCTU (154 mg, 371 μmol) in DMF (852 μL, 11 mmol) and stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature. DIPEA (72 μL, 413 μmol) and (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester (50 mg, 0.1 mmol) were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. EtOH (402 μL, 6.9 mmol) and 1 M LiOH in water (1.1 mL, 1.1 mmol) were added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (39.8 mg, purity 100%). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₅H₂₁ClFN₅O₅, 526.12; found 526.0.

EXAMPLE 5B (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 5-methyl-2-oxo-[1,39 dioxol-4-ylmethyl Ester

EDC (127 mg, 660 μmol) and HOBt (89 mg, 660 μmol) were added to a solution of 5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-carboxylic acid (150 mg, 330 μmol) and (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid 5-methyl-2-oxo-[1,39 dioxol-4-ylmethyl ester (68 mg, 330 μmol) in DMF (10 mL). DIPEA (86 mg, 660 μmol) was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 5 hours at room temperature. The mixture was then washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (2×30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE:EtOAc=1:1) to yield the title compound as a white solid (67 mg). LC-MS: 638.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ2.13 (s, 3H), 3.31-3.16 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.21 (q, 2H), 4.35 (br, 1H), 4.98-5.01 (m, 2H), 5.54 (br, 1H), 7.26-7.90 (m, 12H), 9.98 (s, 1H), 12.74 (s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 5C (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Ethyl Ester

5-Oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-carboxylic acid (89.5 mg, 436 μmol) was combined with HCTU (244 mg, 589 μmol) in DMF (1.0 mL, 13 mmol) and stirred for 10 minutes. (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester (80.0 mg, 0.2 mmol) and DIPEA (0.1 mL, 0.7 mmol) were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred overnight. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (10.0 mL) and washed with water (3.0 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2×3.0 mL), and saturated aqueous NaCl (3.0 mL), then dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to give a yellowish solid. A portion (20 mg) of the solid was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (1.6 mg, purity 100%). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₇H₂₅ClFN₅O₅, 554.15; found 554.4.

EXAMPLE 5D (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Isobutyl Ester

5-Oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-carboxylic acid (89.5 mg, 436 μmol) was combined with HCTU (244 mg, 589 μmol) in DMF (1.0 mL, 13 mmol) and stirred for 10 minutes. (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester (80.0 mg, 0.2 mmol) and DIPEA (0.1 mL, 0.7 mmol) were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred overnight. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc (10.0 mL) and washed with water (3.0 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2×3.0 mL), and saturated aqueous NaCl (3.0 mL), then dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to give a yellowish solid. A portion (20 mg) of the solid was treated with isobutyl alcohol (170 μL, 1.8 mmol) and 4.0 M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (36.0 μL, 144 μmol) at room temperature overnight. The mixture was concentrated, and the residue was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (1.6 mg, purity 100%). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₉H₂₉ClFN₅O₅, 582.18; found 582.4.

EXAMPLE 5E (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 2,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoropropyl Ester

A mixture of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (200 mg, 380 μmol), 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropan-1-ol (114 mg, 760 μmol), HOBT (103 mg, 760 μmol), EDC (145 mg, 760 μmol) and DIPEA (200 mg, 1.5 mmol) in DMF (5.0 mL) was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was then poured into water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (30 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE:EtOAc=2:1) to yield the title compound as a white solid (20 mg). LC-MS: 658 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ3.44-3.40 (m, 2H), 4.25 (br, 2H), 4.58-4.61 (m, 3H), 7.14-7.08 (m, 1H), 7.41-7.55 (m, 8H), 7.84-7.92 (m, 3H).

EXAMPLE 5F (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Acetoxymethyl Ester

To a solution of (R)-3-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (200 mg, 335 μmol) in dry DMF (6 mL) was added bromomethyl acetate (76 mg, 503 μmol), NaI (101 mg, 670 μmol), and 2,6-dimethylpyridine (143 mg, 1.3 mmol) in portions at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 8 hours. Water (12 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE:EtOAc=3:1) to yield the title compound as a white solid (15 mg). LC-MS: 597.7 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz,) ⊕ 2.02 (s, 3H), 3.37 (br, 2H), 4.22 (br, 2H), 4.38 (br, 1H), 5.78-6.02 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.40-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.91 (m, 7H), 8.15-8.17 (m, 2H).

EXAMPLE 5G Butyric acid (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl Ester

To a solution of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (200 mg, 335 μmol) in dry DMF (6 mL) was added chloromethyl butyrate (68 mg, 503 μmol), NaI (101 mg, 670 μmol), and 2,6-dimethylpyridine (143 mg, 1.3 mmol) in portions at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 8 hours. Water (12 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE:EtOAc=3:1) to yield the title compound as a white solid (21 mg). LC-MS: 625.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) 6 0.84 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H), 1.45-1.56 (m, 2H), 2.29 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 3.31-3.17 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.35 (m, 2H), 4.35 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 5.68-5.79 (m, 2H), 7.28 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.43-7.55 (m, 7H), 7.58 (dd, J=6.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 9.98 (s, 1H), 12.76 (s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 5H (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Ethoxycarbonyloxymethyl Ester

To a solution of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (200 mg, 335 μmol) in dry DMF (10 mL) was added chloromethyl ethyl carbonate (69 mg, 503 μmol), NaI (101 mg, 670 μmol) and 2,6-dimethylpyridine (143 mg, 1.3 mmol) in portions at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 8 hours. Water (15 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE:EtOAc=3:1˜1:100) to yield the title compound as a white solid (9.5 mg). LC-MS: 627.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.25 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H)., 3.44 (br, 2H), 4.17-4.35 (m, 4H), 4.50 (s, 1H), 5.75-5.78 (m, 2H), 7.10 (t, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.42-7.52 (m, 7H), 7.87 (s, 2H), 8.37 (s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 5I (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-T-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl Ester

To a solution of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,4]triazole-3-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (200 mg, 335 μmol) in dry DMF (6 mL) was added chloromethyl isopropyl carbonate (76 mg, 503 μmol), NaI (101 mg, 670 μmol) and 2,6-dimethylpyridine (143 mg, 1.3 mmol) in portions at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 8 hours. Water (12 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography ((PE:EtOAc=1:1) to yield the title compound as a white solid (12.8 mg). LC-MS: 641.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 1.21 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 6H), 3.21-3.28 (m, 2H), 4.12-4.30 (m, 2H), 4.40-4.52 (m, 1H), 4.77-4.79 (m, 1H), 5.68-5.76 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.50-7.87 (m, 9H), 7.90 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 9.98 (s, 1H), 12.76 (s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 5J (S)-2-Methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric Acid (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl Ester

To a solution of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (200 mg, 335 μmol) in dry DMF (6 mL) was added (S)-2-methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric acid chloromethyl ester (112 mg, 503 μmol), NaI (101 mg, 670 μmol), 2,6-dimethylpyridine (143 mg, 1.3 mmol) in portions at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 8 hours. Water (12 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE:EtOAc=3:1) to yield the title compound as a white solid (8.4 mg). LC-MS: 712.9 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR: (MeOD, 400 MHz) δ 0.85 (dd, J=14.1, 6.8 Hz, 6H), 2.01-2.17 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.51 (m, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 4.00 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (br, 2H), 4.42 (t, J=4.7 Hz, 1H), 5.83 (dd, J=31.5, 5.6 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (t, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 7.32-7.39 (m, 3H), 7.47-7.51 (m, 4H), 7.56-7.58 (m, 2H), 7.91 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H).

EXAMPLE 5K (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2,49 triazole-3-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 1-cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxyethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 6A (R)-3-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid

3-Acetyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid (69.3 mg, 450 μmol) and HCTU (186 mg, 450 μmol) were combined in DMF (1.9 mL, 24.5 mmol), and stirred at room temperature. After 15 minutes, DIPEA (214 μL, 1.2 mmol) and (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester (150 mg, 0.4 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature, then evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EtOH (1.4 mL, 24.5 mmol). A solution of 1.0 M LiOH in water (2.0 mL, 2.0 mmol) was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 3 hours. The solvent was removed under pressure and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (110 mg, purity 100%) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₂H₂₀ClFN₄O₅, 475.11; found 475.1.

EXAMPLE 6B (R)-3-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Ethyl Ester

3-Acetyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid (168 mg, 1.1 mmol) and HCTU (451 mg, 1.1 mmol) were combined in DMF (6.8 mL, 87.2 mmol), and stirred at room temperature. After 15 minutes, DIPEA (570 μL, 3.3 mmol) and (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester (400 mg, 1.1 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred for 20 minutes at room temperature, then evaporated under reduced pressure to yield the title compound. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₄H₂₄ClFN₄O₅, 503.14; found 503.2.

EXAMPLE 6C (R)-3-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 2-Morpholin-4-ylethyl Ester

(R)-3-[N-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxy-propionic acid (41.0 mg, 86 μmol), HOBt (70.0 mg, 518 μmol) and EDC (92 μL, 520 μmol) were combined in DCM (0.7 mL, 10 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred for 10 minutes. 4-Morpholineethanol (84 μL, 691 μmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature until the reaction was complete (≈2 hours). The mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation and purified (reverse phase column) to yield the title compound (7.5 mg, purity 98%) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₈H₃₁ClFN₅O₆, 588.19; found 588.1.

EXAMPLE 6D (R)-3-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Isobutyl Ester

(R)-3-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (15.0 mg, 32 μmol) was combined with isobutyl alcohol (876 μL, 9.5 mmol). A solution of 4 M HCl in dioxane (282 μL, 1.1 mmol) was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature. The mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation and the product lyophilized to yield the title compound (19 mg, purity 99%) as a white powder TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₆H₂₈ClFN₄O₅, 531.17; found 531.1.

EXAMPLE 6E (R)-3-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 5-Methyl-2-oxo-[1,39 dioxol-4-ylmethyl Ester

(R)-3-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (30.0 mg, 63 μmol), HOBt (26 mg, 190 μmol) and EDC (34 μL, 190 μmol) were combined in DCM (243 μL, 3.8 mmol) and stirred for 10 minutes. 4-Hydroxymethyl-5-methyl-[1,3]dioxol-2-one (66 mg, 0.5 mmol) and 4-methylmorpholine (28 μL, 250 μmol) were added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure, yielding a brown oil, which was purified by preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (4.6 mg, purity 97%) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₇H₂₄ClFN₄O₈, 587.13; found 587.1.

EXAMPLE 6F (R)-3-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 2,2-Difluoropropyl Ester

(R)-3-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (15.0 mg, 32 μmol), HOBt (12.8 mg, 95 μmol) and EDC (16.8 μL, 95 μmol) were combined in DCM (121 μL, 1.9 mmol) and stirred for 10 minutes. 2,2-Difluoropropanol (24.3 mg, 253 μmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature until the reaction was complete (≈48 hours). The mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure and the product was purified (reverse phase column) to yield the title compound (13.8 mg, purity 96%) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₅H₂₄ClF₃N₄O₅, 553.14; found 553.1.

EXAMPLE 6G (R)-3-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 2-Methoxyethyl Ester

(R)-3-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (10.0 mg, 21 μmol) was combined with 2-methoxyethanol (0.1 mL, 1.3 mmol). A solution of 4 M HCl in dioxane (53 μL, 0.2 mmol) was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. LC/MS showed the mass of the desired product. The mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation and purified (reverse phase column) to yield the title compound (2.7 mg, purity 95%) as a white solid TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₅H₂₆ClFN₄O₆, 533.15; found 533.1.

EXAMPLE 6H (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyric Acid 3-Acetyl-5-[N′-((R)-2-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl)-N′-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazinocarbonyl]pyrazol-1-ylmethyl Ester

(R)-3-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (95.5 mg, 0.2 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (886 μL, 12.1 mmol). Et₃N (70 μL, 503 μmol) and (S)-2-t-butoxycarbonylamino-3-methyl-butyric acid chloromethyl ester (56.1 mg, 211 μmol) were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 6 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified using flashy chromatography (normal phase; MeOH:EtOAc=0:50). The pure fractions were collected, concentrated, then dissolved in MeCN (630 μL, 12.1 mmol). A solution of 4.0 M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (503 μL, 2.0 mmol) was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo to yield the title compound (90 mg).

EXAMPLE 6I (S)-2-Methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric acid 3-acetyl-5-[N′-((R)-2-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl)-N′-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazinocarbony]pyrazol-1-ylmethyl Ester

(S) -2- Amino-3-methylbutyric acid 3-acetyl-5-[N′-((R)-2-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl)-N′-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazinocarbonyl]pyrazol-1-ylmethyl ester (21.0 mg, 35 μmol) was combined with DCM (134 μL, 2.1 mmol) and Et₃N (15 μL, 0.1 mmol). Methyl chloroformate (2.7 μL, 35 μmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (0.7 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₃₀H₃₃ClFN₅O₉, 662.20; found 662.1.

EXAMPLE 6J Isobutyric Acid (R)-2-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-1-carboxyethyl Ester

Isobutyryl chloride (23.4 μL, 221.1 μmol) and (R)-3-[N′-(5-acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (10.5 mg, 22.1 μmol) were combined in THF (108 μL, 1.3 mmol), and stirred overnight at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (4.9 mg) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₆H₂₆ClFN₄O₆, 545.15; found 545.1.

EXAMPLE 6K 3-Methylbutyric Acid (R)-2-[N′-(5-acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-1-carboxyethyl Ester

Isovaleryl chloride (51.4 μL, 421.2 μmol) and (R)-3-[N′-(5-acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (20.0 mg, 42.1 μmol) were combined in THF (205 μL, 2.5 mmol), and stirred overnight at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified (reverse phase HPLC column) to yield the title compound (11.8 mg) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₇H₂₈ClFN₄O₆, 559.17; found 559.1.

EXAMPLE 6L (R)-2-Acetoxy-3-[N′-(5-acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]propionic Acid

Acetyl chloride (30 μL, 421.2 μmol) and (R)-3-[N′-(5-acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (20.0 mg, 42.1 μmol) were combined in THF (205 μL, 2.5 mmol), and stirred overnight at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified (reverse phase HPLC column) to yield the title compound (12.2 mg) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₄H₂₂ClFN₄O₆, 517.12; found 517.2.

EXAMPLE 6M (R)-3-[N-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 3-dimethylaminopropyl Ester

(R)-3-[N-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (10.0 mg, 21 μmol) was combined with HOBt (17.1 mg, 126 μmol) and EDC (22 μL, 130 μmol) in DCM (0.2 mL, 3 mmol) and stirred for 10 minutes. 3-Dimethylamino-1-propanol (19.9 μL, 168 μmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature and monitored for completion (≈4 hours). The mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC to yield the title compound as a TFA salt (6.4 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₇H₃₁ClFN₅O₅, 560.20; found 560.1.

EXAMPLE 6N (R)-3-{N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 4-dimethylaminobutyl Ester

(R)-3-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (10.0 mg, 21 μmol) was combined with HOBt (17.1 mg, 126 μmol) and EDC (22 μL, 130 μmol) in DCM (0.2 mL, 3 mmol) and stirred for 10 minutes. 4-Dimethylamino-1-butanol (22.4 μL, 168 μmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature and monitored for completion (≈4 hours). The mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC to yield the title compound as a TFA salt (4.2 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₈H₃₃ClFN5O₅, 574.22; found 574.1.

EXAMPLE 6O (R)-3-[N-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 3-Morpholin-4-yl-propyl Ester

(R)-3-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (10.0 mg, 21 μmol) was combined with HOBt (17.1 mg, 126 μmol) and EDC (22 μL, 130 μmol) in DCM (0.2 mL, 3 mmol) and stirred for 10 minutes. 3-Morpholinopropanol (24.5 mg, 168 μmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature and monitored for completion (≈4 hours). The mixture was concentrated by rotary evaporation and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC to yield the title compound as a TFA salt (4.9 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₉H₃₃ClFN₅O₆, 602.21; found 602.1.

EXAMPLE 6P (R)-3-[N-′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 2-Dimethylaminoethyl Ester

The title compound can be prepared as follows: (R)-3-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (10.0 mg, 21 μmol) is combined with HOBt (17.1 mg, 126 μmol) and EDC (22 μL, 130 μmol) in DCM (0.2 mL, 3 mmol) and stirred for 10 minutes. N,N-Dimethylaminoethanol (16.9 μL, 168 μmol) is added and the resulting mixture is stirred at room temperature and monitored for completion. The mixture is concentrated by rotary evaporation and the residue is purified by preparative HPLC to yield the title compound as a TFA salt.

EXAMPLE 6Q (R)-3-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 4-Morpholin-4-yl-yutyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 6R (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyric Acid (R)-2-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-biphenyl-4-ylmethylhydrazino]-1-isobutoxycarbonylethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 6S (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyric Acid 3-Acetyl-5-N-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl-N′-((R)-2-hydroxy-2-isobutoxycarbonylethyl)hydrazinocarbonyl]pyrazol-1-ylmethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 6T (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyric Acid (R)-2-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-biphenyl-4-ylmethylhydrazino]-1-ethoxycarbonylethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 6U (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyric Acid 3-Acetyl-5-N-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl-N′-((R)-2-ethoxycarbonyl-2-hydroxyethyl)hydrazinocarbonylipyrazol-1-ylmethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 6V (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyric acid (R)-3-[N′-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 6W (R)-3-[N-(5-Acetyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Ethoxycarbonyloxymethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 6X (R)-3-[N-(5-Acetyl-2-phosphonooxymethyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-Z-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Isobutyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 7A (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 5-methyl-2-oxo-[1,39 dioxol-4-ylmethyl Ester

(R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2-trityl-2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (30.0 mg, 44 μmol) was combined with 4-chloromethyl-5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one (9.9 mg, 66 μmol) and DIPEA (15.4 μL, 89 μmol) in acetone (0.4 mL, 5 mmol). The mixture was maintained at 56° C. overnight. The mixture was concentrated, and the residue was combined with DCM (0.2 mL) and 2M HCl in a mixture of dioxane and DCM (0.2 mL) at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was concentrated, and the residue was dissolved in 50% water/AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound as a white solid TFA salt (3.3 mg). MS m/z [M+H⁺ calc'd for C₂₃H₂₀ClFN₆O₇, 547.11; found 547.

Note that as explained herein, compounds such as this can exist in a tautomer form, for example, as (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid 5-methyl-2-oxo-[1,39 dioxol-4-ylmethyl ester.

EXAMPLE 7B (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 2,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoropropyl Ester

(R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2-trityl-2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (42.4 mg, 63 μmol) was combined with EDC (66.5 μL, 376 μmol) and HOBt hydrate (57.5 mg, 376 μmol) in DCM (0.7 mL, 10 mmol), and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. 2,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoro-1-propanol (75.2 mg, 501 μmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in DCM (0.4 mL, 6 mmol) at room temperature and treated with 4.0 M HClin 1,4-dioxane (0.2 mL, 0.8 mmol) for 2 hours. The mixture was concentrated, and the residue was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC. The desired fractions were combined and freeze dried to yield the title compound as a white solid TFA salt (8.3 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₁H₁₇ClF₆N₆O₄, 567.09; found 567.

Note that as explained herein, compounds such as this can exist in a tautomer form, for example, as (R)-3-{N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl ester

EXAMPLE 7C (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyric Acid 5-[N′-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-((R)-2-ethoxycarbonyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-hydrazinocarbonyl]tetrazol-2-ylmethyl Ester

(R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2-trityl-2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyphydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester (15.1 mg, 21.4 μmol) was stirred in a mixture of DCM (0.2 mL, 3 mmol) and 4.0 M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (0.1 mL, 0.4 mmol) at room temperature for 1 hour, then concentrated. To this was added Cs₂CO₃ (14.0 mg, 42.8 μmol) in acetone (0.5 mL) and a mixture of (S)-2-t-butoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric acid chloromethyl ester (17.1 mg, 64.2 μmol) and NaI (9.6 mg, 64.2 μmol) that had been stirred in acetone (0.5 μL, 7 μmol) at 60° C. for 1 hour. The resulting mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 4 hours, then concentrated. TFA (0.1 mL, 1 mmol) and DCM (0.1 mL, 2 mmol) were added to the residue and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was then concentrated, and the residue was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound as a white solid TFA salt (4.3 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₆H₃₁ClFN₇O₆, 592.20; found 592.4.

In addition, it was found that the regioisomer of the title compound was also produced, (S)-2-amino-3-methylbutyric acid 5-{N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-((R)-2-ethoxycarbonyl-2-hydroxyethyphydrazinocarbonyl]tetrazol-1-ylmethyl ester, as a white solid TFA salt (2.7 mg):

Both regioisomers were isolated and characterized by NMR, HPLC, and LCMS.

EXAMPLE 7D Butyric Acid (R)-3-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl Ester

A mixture of chloromethyl butyrate (6.8 μL, 54.5 μmol) and NaI (8.2 mg, 54.5 μmol) in acetone (0.5 mL, 7 mmol) was stirred at 60° C. for 1 hour, then it was added to a mixture of (R)-3-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2-trityl-2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyphydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (12.3 mg, 18.2 μmol) and DIPEA (4.8 μL, 27.2 μmol) in acetone (0.5 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 2 hours, concentrated and partitioned between EtOAc (10 mL) and water (2 mL). The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated. 4.0 M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (40.0 μL, 160 μmol) in MeCN (0.2 mL, 4 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (1.3 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₃H₂₄ClFN₆O₆, 535.14; found 535.1.

Note that as explained herein, compounds such as this can exist in a tautomer form, for example, as butyric acid (R)-3-{N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl ester.

EXAMPLE 7E (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Acetoxymethyl Ester

To a solution of lithium (R)-3-(2-(1-allyl-1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)-1-((5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)methyl)hydrazinyl)-2-hydroxypropanoate (300 mg, 624 μmol) in DMF (3 mL) was added bromomethyl acetate (144 mg, 936 μmol), NaI (140 mg, 936 μmol) and 2,6-lutidine (134 mg, 1.2 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. under nitrogen. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3.5 hours, then poured into water (30 mL). The resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc (2×15 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (15 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative TLC (PE:EtOAc-1:2) to yield Compound 1 as a yellow oil (170 mg). LC-MS: 547 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of Compound 1 (80 mg, 146 μmol) in dry DCM (3 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (50 mg, 43.9 μmol), triethylsilane (51 mg, 439 μmol) and AcOH (26 mg, 439 μmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen for 30 hours. The solids were filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC [Gemini-C18, 150×21.2 mm, 5μ; MeCN—H₂O (0.1% TFA) from 43% to 43%] to yield the title compound as a white solid (10 mg). LC-MS: 507 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 1.27 (s, 3H), 3.41-3.53 (m, 2H), 4.21-4.24 (dd, 2H), 4.51-4.53 (t, 1H), 5.68-5.75 (dd, 2H), 7.05-7.09 (t, 1H), 7.25-7.26 (m, 1H), 7.36-7.38 (dd, 1H), 7.48 (s, 4H), 8.84 (s, 1H).

Note that as explained herein, compounds such as this can exist in a tautomer form, for example, as (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyphydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid acetoxymethyl ester.

EXAMPLE 7F (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyric Acid (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

Note that as explained herein, compounds such as this can exist in a tautomer form, for example, as (S)-2-amino-3-methylbutyric acid (R)-3-{N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl ester.

EXAMPLE 7G (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N-(1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl Ester

To a solution of lithium (R)-3-(2-(1-allyl-1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)-1-((5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yOmethyphydrazinyl)-2-hydroxypropanoate (250 mg, 526 μmol) in chloromethyl isopropyl carbonate (2 mL) was added NaI (113 mg, 1.1 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (158 mg, 1.1 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 3 hours, cooled to room temperature, then poured into water (10 mL). The resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE:EtOAc=5:1˜4:1˜3:1) to yield Compound 1 as a colorless oil (165 mg). LC-MS: 591 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of Compound 1 (150 mg, 254 μmol) in dry DCM (5 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)4 (88 mg, 76 μmol), triethylsilane (148 mg, 1.3 mmol) and AcOH (76 mg, 1.3 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen for 2 days then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC [Gemini-C18, 150×21.2 mm), 5μ; MeCN—H₂O (0.1% TFA) from 50% to 80%] to yield the title compound as a white solid (15 mg). LC-MS: 551 [M+H]⁺, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.25-1.29 (d, 6H), 3.44-3.56 (m, 2H), 4.23-4.31 (dd, 2H), 4.54-4.56 (t, 1H), 4.85-4.91 (m, 1H), 5.74 (s, 2H), 7.04-7.08 (t, 1H), 7.23-7.25(m, 1H), 7.35-7.36(m, 1H), 7.46 (s, 4H), 9.06 (s, 1H).

Note that as explained herein, compounds such as this can exist in a tautomer form, for example, as (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N-(2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl ester.

EXAMPLE 7H (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyric Acid (R)-1-carboxy-2-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]ethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared. Note that as explained herein, compounds such as this can exist in a tautomer form, for example, as (S)-2-amino-3-methylbutyric acid (R)-1-carboxy-2-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N-(2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]ethyl ester.

EXAMPLE 7I (R)-2-Acetoxy-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]propionic Acid

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared. Note that as explained herein, compounds such as this can exist in a tautomer form, for example, as (R)-2-acetoxy-3-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]propionic Acid.

EXAMPLE 7J (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Ethoxycarbonyloxymethyl Ester

To a suspension of lithium (R)-3-(2-(1-allyl-1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)-1-((5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)methyl)hydrazinyl)-2-hydroxypropanoate (250 mg, 526 μmol) in chloromethyl ethyl carbonate (2 mL) was added NaI (158 mg, 1.1 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (113 mg, 1.1 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 4 hours, cooled to room temperature, then poured into water (10 mL). The resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (PE:EtOAc=4:1˜3:1˜2:1) to yield Compound 1 as a yellow solid (170 mg). LC-MS: 577 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of Compound 1 (160 mg, 277 μmol) in dry DCM (5 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (96 mg, 83 μmol), triethylsilane (161 mg, 1.4 mmol) and AcOH (83 mg, 1.4 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen for 2 days then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC [Gemini-C18, 150×21.2 mm, 5μ; MeCN—H₂O (0.1% TFA) from 50% to 60%] to yield the title compound as a white solid (7 mg). LC-MS: 537 [M+H]⁺, ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ 1.28-1.33 (t, 3H), 3.47-3.50 (t, 2H), 4.21-4.24 (m, 4H), 4.50-4.52 (t, 1H), 5.72-5.77 (dd, 2H), 7.06-7.11 (t, 1H), 7.25-7.27(m, 1H), 7.28-7.38(m, 1H), 7.49 (s, 4H), 8.69 (s, 1H).

Note that as explained herein, compounds such as this can exist in a tautomer form, for example, as (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N-(2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyphydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethoxycarbonyloxymethyl ester.

EXAMPLE 7K (S)-2-Methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric Acid (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl Ester

To a suspension of (R)-3-[N-′-(1-allyl-1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)-N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid and methane (200 mg, 421 Nmol) in THF (5 mL), was added (S)-2-methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric acid chloromethyl ester (1.88 g, 8.42 mmol), NaI (126 mg, 842 μmol) and 2,6-lutidine (90 mg, 842 μmol). The mixture was refluxed under nitrogen for 30 hours, then cooled to room temperature and poured into water (20 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was then purified by column chromatography (PE:EtOAc, 5:1˜4:1˜3:1) to yield Compound 1 as a yellow oil (110 mg). LC-MS: 662 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of Compound 1 (110 mg, 166 μmol) in dry DCM (3 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (57 mg, 50 μmol), Et₃SiH (97 mg, 831 μmol) and AcOH (50 mg, 831 μmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen for 2 days, then concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC (Gemini-C18, 150×21.2 mm, 5μ, MeCN—H₂O (0.1% TFA); from 50% to 60%) to yield the title compound as a white solid (20 mg). LC-MS: 622 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 1.02-1.05 (d, 6H), 2.06-2.09 (m, 1H), 3.47 (s, 2H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 4.23-4.37 (dd, 2H), 4.42 (s, 1H), 4.70 (t, 1H), 5.27-5.28 (d, 1H), 5.69-5.74 (dd, 2H), 7.06-7.08 (m, 1H). 7.24-7.26(m, 1H), 7.34-7.34 (d, 1H),7.42-7.44 (dd, 2H), 7.50-7.52 (dd, 2H).

Note that as explained herein, compounds such as this can exist in a tautomer form, for example, as (S)-2-Methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric acid (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl ester.

EXAMPLE 7L (R)-3-[N-(5′-Chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-propionyloxypropionic Acid

Propionyl chloride (24 mg, 55 μmol) was added to a mixture of (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (6.1 mg. 66 μmol) and DCM (2 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was then heated to 60° C. for 1 hour. The reaction was then stopped and the mixture was concentrated and purified by preparative HPLC to yield the title compound as a TFA salt (1 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₁H₂₀ClFN₆O₅, 491.12; found 491.2.

Note that as explained herein, compounds such as this can exist in a tautomer form, for example, as (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-propionyloxypropionic acid.

EXAMPLE 7M (S)-2-Methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric Acid (R)-1-carboxy-2-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]ethyl Ester

(S)-2-((methoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (12.9 mg, 73 μmol) was combined with HOBt (12.4 mg, 92 μmol) and EDC (11.4 mg, 73 μmol) in DCM (2 mL) and stirred for 15 minutes. (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(2H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (26.6 mg, 61 μmol) and 4-methylmorpholine (7.4 mg, 73 μmol) were added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by preparative HPLC to yield the title compound as a TFA salt (6 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₅H₂₇ClFN₇O₇, 592.16; found 592.2.

Note that as explained herein, compounds such as this can exist in a tautomer form, for example, as (S)-2-methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric acid (R)-1-carboxy-2-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]ethyl ester.

EXAMPLE 8A (R)-3-[N-(3′-Chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-propionyloxypropionic Acid

Propanoyl chloride (3.5 μL, 40 μmol) was added to a mixture of (R)-3-[N-(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl ester (20.0 mg, 36.4 μmol) and Et₃N (12.7 μL, 90.9 μmol) in DCM (0.5 mL, 8 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, concentrated, and purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc-hexanes=0-100%) to give a solid (15.5 mg). The solid was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL, 26 mmol). Zinc (119 mg, 1.8 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture was filtered and the zinc powder was washed with AcOH (0.5 mL). The combined washes were purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (3.9 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₃H₂₂ClN₃O₇, 488.11; found 488.3.

EXAMPLE 8B 3-Methylbutyric Acid (R)-1-carboxy-2-[N-(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]ethyl Ester

Isovalery chloride (15.5 μL, 127 μmol) was added to a mixture of (R)-3-[N-(3′-Chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (25.0 mg, 58 μmol) and Et₃N (40.3 μL, 289 μmol) in DCM (0.5 mL, 8 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and concentrated. The residue was combined with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (10:90, NaHCO₃:water, 0.1 mL, 0.1 mmol) in MeOH (1.0 mL), stirred for 15 minutes, and then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (2.4 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₅H₂₆ClN₃O₇, 516.15; found 516.5.

EXAMPLE 8C (R)-3-[N-(3-Acetoxymethoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)-N-(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid

A mixture of bromomethyl acetate (16.0 μL, 164 μmol) and NaI (24.5 mg, 164 μmol) in acetone (2.0 mL, 27 mmol) was stirred at 60° C. for 1 hour, then cooled to room temperature. A mixture of (R)-3-[N-(3′-Chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl ester (30.0 mg, 54.5 μmol) and Et₃N (38.0 μL, 273 μmol) in acetone (1 mL) was then added. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, concentrated, dissolved in AcOH (2 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC. The desired fractions were combined and lyophilized to yield a solid (19.2 mg). The solid was combined with zinc (178 mg, 2.7 mmol) in AcOH (1.0 mL, 18 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture was filtered and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC. The desired fractions were combined, lyophilized, dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (3.8 mg) as a TFA salt. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₃H₂₂ClN₃O₈, 504.11; found 504.0.

EXAMPLE 8D Butyric Acid 5-[N′-((R)-2-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl)-N′-(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazinocarbonyl]isoxazol-3-yloxymethyl Ester

A mixture of chloromethyl butyrate (20.5 μL, 164 μmol) and NaI (24.5 mg, 164 μmol) in acetone (2.0 mL, 27 mmol) was stirred at 60° C. for 1 hour, then cooled to room temperature and added to a mixture of (R)-3-[N-(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl ester (30.0 mg, 54.5 μmol) and Et₃N (38.0 μL, 273 μmol) in acetone (1 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, concentrated, dissolved in AcOH (2 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC. The desired fractions were combined and lyophilized. Zinc (178 mg, 2.7 mmol) and AcOH (1.0 mL, 18 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture was filtered and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (2.5 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₅H₂₆ClN₃O₈, 532.14; found 532.2.

EXAMPLE 8E (R)-3-[N-(3′-Chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-ethoxycarbonyloxymethoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid

A mixture of chloromethyl ethyl carbonate (22.7 mg, 164 μmol) and NaI (24.5 mg, 164 μmol) in acetone (2.0 mL, 27 mmol) was stirred at 60° C. for 1 hour, then cooled to room temperature and added to a mixture of (R)-3-[N-(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl ester (30.0 mg, 54.5 μmol) and cesium carbonate (17.8 mg, 0.054.5 μmol) in acetone (1 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours, concentrated, dissolved in AcOH (2 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC. The desired fractions were combined and concentrated. Zinc (178 mg, 2.7 mmol) and AcOH (1.0 mL, 18 mmol) were added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture was filtered and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (2.2 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₄H₂₄ClN₃O₉, 534.12; found 534.3.

EXAMPLE 8F (R)-3-[N-(3¹—Chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-isopropoxycarbonyloxymethoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid

A mixture of chloromethyl isopropyl carbonate (15.6 mg, 102 μmol) and NaI (15.3 mg, 102 μmol) in acetone (0.7 mL, 10 mmol) was stirred at 65° C. for 1 hour, then added (R)-3-[N-(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl ester (20.0 mg, 36.4 μmol) that had been dissolved in acetone (0.4 mL, 5 mmol) at room temperature and treated with cesium carbonate (13.0 mg, 40 μmol). The resulting mixture was then heated at 40° C. for 1 hour.

DIPEA (0.2 mL, 1 mmol) was added and heating continued for 1 hour. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc (10.0 mL) and water (2.0 mL). The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (3.0 mL), saturated aqueous NaCl (3.0 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Zinc 90.8 mg, 1.4 mmol) and AcOH (0.5 mL, 9 mmol) were added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The solids were washed with AcOH (1.0 mL) then filtered. The filtrates were combined and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (3.8 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₅H₂₆ClN₃O₉, 548.14; found 548.5.

EXAMPLE 8G (R)-3-{N-(3′-Chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-8 3-(5-methyl-2-oxo-[1,39 dioxol-4-ylmethoxy)-isoxazole-5-carbonyl]hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid

A mixture of 4-chloromethyl-5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one (11.9 μL, 109 μmol) and NaI (16.4 mg, 109 μmol) in acetone (2.0 mL, 27 mmol) was stirred at 60° C. for 1 hour, then cooled to room temperature and added to a mixture of (R)-3-[N-(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl ester (20.0 mg, 36.4 μmol) and cesium carbonate (14.2 mg, 43.6 μmol) in acetone (1 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 2 hours, concentrated, purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexanes=0-100%). The desired fractions were combined and concentrated. Zinc (178 mg, 2.7 mmol) and AcOH (1.0 mL, 18 mmol) were added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solids were washed with AcOH (0.5 mL) then filtered. The filtrates were combined and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (2.8 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₅H₂₂ClN₃O₉, 544.10; found 544.5.

EXAMPLE 8H (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyric Acid 5-[N′-((R)-2-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl)-N′-(3′-chloro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazinocarbonyl]isoxazol-3-yloxymethyl Ester

A mixture of (S)-2-t-butoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric acid chloromethyl ester (52.8 mg, 198 μmol) and NaI (29.8 mg, 198 μmol) in acetone (1.0 mL, 14 mmol) was heated at 65° C. for 1 hour, then (R)-3-[N-(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl ester (36.4 mg, 66.2 μmol) and cesium carbonate (25.9 mg, 79.4 μmol) were added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 65° C. for 3 hours, concentrated, purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexanes=0-100%). Zinc (216 mg, 3.3 mmol) and AcOH (1.0 mL, 18 mmol) were added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, then concentrated by rotary evaporation. TFA (0.1 mL, 1 mmol) and DCM (0.1 mL, 2 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes then concentrated. The residue was dissolved in AcOH (1.5 mL), filtered, and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound as a TFA salt(3.0 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₆H₂₉ClN₄O₈, 561.17; found 561.2.

EXAMPLE 81 (S)-2-Methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric Acid (R)-1-carboxy-2-[N-(3′-chloro-biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]ethyl Ester

(S)-2-Methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric acid (9.6 mg, 54.5 μmol) and HATU (23.5 mg, 62 μmol) were stirred in DCM (1.0 mL, 16 mmol) for 10 minutes. (R)-3-[N-(3′-Chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl ester (20.0 mg, 36.4 μmol) and DIPEA (31.7 μL, 182 μmol) were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was then concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (EtOAc/hexanes=0-100%). Zinc (119 mg, 1.8 mmol) and AcOH (0.5 mL, 9 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours and filtered. The solids were washed with AcOH (1 mL) and filtered. The combined filtrates were purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to yield the title compound (0.8 mg). MS m/z [M+H]³⁰ calc'd for C₂₇H₂₉ClN₄O₉, 589.16; found 589.3.

EXAMPLE 8J (S)-2-t-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric Acid 5-N-((R)-2-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl)-N′-(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazinocarbonyl]isoxazol-3-yloxymethyl Ester

(R)-3-[N′-t-Butoxycarbonyl-N-(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyphydrazino]-2-hydroxy-propionic acid (406 mg, 965 μmol) was dissolved in DMF (5 mL). Potassium carbonate (333 mg, 2.4 mmol) was added followed by 2-bromo-1-phenylethanone (230 mg, 1.2 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified (CombiFlash normal phase column). The clean fractions were collected and combined to yield Compound 1 (280 mg).

Compound 1 (200 mg, 371 μmol) was dissolved in MeCN (3 mL). A solution of 4.0 M HCl in dioxane (928 μL, 3.7 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue, Compound 2, was used in the next step without any further purification.

3-((S)-2-t-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyryloxymethoxy)isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid (44.1 mg, 123 μmol) and HATU (78 mg, 205 μmol) were combined in DMF (1 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. Compound 2 (45 mg, 103 μmol) and DIPEA (54 μL, 307 μmol) were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified (CombiFlash normal phase column). The clean fractions were collected and combined to yield Compound 3 (41 mg).

Compound 3 (41 mg, 53 μmol) was dissolved in AcOH (1 mL) and zinc (172 mg, 2.6 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 45 minutes to 1 hour until the reaction was complete. The zinc was filter off and the solution was purified (reverse phase column) to yield the title compound (7 mg). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₃₁H₃₇ClN₄O₁₀, 661.22; found 661.2.

EXAMPLE 8K: (R)-3-N-(3′-Chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Acetoxymethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 8L (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyric Acid (R)-3-[N-(3′-Chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-hy droxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)-hydrazino]-2-hy droxypropionyloxymethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 8M (S)-2-Methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric Acid (R)-3-[N-(3′-Chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 8N (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyric Acid (R)-1-carboxy-2-{N-(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-hydroxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]ethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 9A (R)-3-[N-(2′,5′-Dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1-hydroxy-1H-[1,2,39 triazole-4-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid

1-Hydroxy-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid (42.6 mg, 330 μmol) and HATU (125 mg, 330 μmol) were combined in DMF (2 mL) and stirred for 5 minutes at room temperature. DIPEA (86 μL, 495 μmol) and (R)-3-[N-(4-bromobenzyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid methyl ester (50 mg, 0.2 mmol) were added, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. The mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure and the product dissolved in EtOH (0.8 mL, 10 mmol) and water (0.2 mL, 10 mmol). 2,5-Dichlorophenylboronic acid (57 mg, 297 μmol), K₂CO₃ (68 mg, 495 μmol), and SilicaCat®DPP-Pd (0.28 mmol/g loading; 58.9 mg, 16.5 μmop were added and the resulting mixture was heated at 120° C. for 10 minutes. The mixture was filtered, and 1 M aqueous LiOH (1.2 mL, 1.2 mmol) was added to the filtered. The mixture was stirred until the reaction was complete (1 hour), then vacuumed to dryness and purified by preparative HPLC to yield the title compound as a TFA salt (14 mg, purity 95%). MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₁₉H₁₇C₁₂N₅O₅, 466.06; found 466.2.

EXAMPLE 9B (R)-3-[N-′-(1-Acetoxymethoxy-1H-[1,2,39 triazole-4-carbonyl)-N-(2′,5′-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid

Bromomethyl acetate (15.3 mg, 100 μmol) was added to a solution of (R)-3-[N-(2′,5′-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1-hydroxy-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbonyphydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (31.2 mg, 66.8 μmol) in acetone (0.5 mL, 6.8 mmol) followed by Et₃N (18.6 μL, 134 μmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 55° C. for 1 hour. The mixture was then concentrated in vacuo to yield a yellow liquid. The crude liquid was purified (preparative scale C18 column chromatography, small column, using 30-90% MeCN in water with 0.05% TFA) to yield the title compound (5.2 mg, purity 96%) as a white solid. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₂H₂₁C₁₂N₅O₇, 538.08; found 538.1.

EXAMPLE 9C Butyric Acid 4-[N′-((R)-2-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl)-N′-(2′,5′-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazinocarbonyl]-[1,2,39 triazol-1-yloxymethyl Ester

Chloromethyl butyrate (13.7 mg, 100 μmol) was added to a solution of (R)-3-[N-(2′,5′-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1-hydroxy-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (31.2 mg, 66.8 μmol) in acetone (0.5 mL, 6.8 mmol) followed by Et₃N (18.6 μL, 134 μmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 65° C. for 2 hours. The mixture was then concentrated in vacuo to yield a yellow liquid. The crude liquid was purified (preparative scale C18 column chromatography, small column, using 30-90% MeCN in water with 0.05% TFA) to yield to yield the title compound (6.1 mg, purity 99%) as a white solid. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₄H₂₅C₁₂N₅O₇, 566.11; found 566.1.

EXAMPLE 9D (R)-3-{N-(2′,5′-Dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-[1-(5-methyl-2-oxo-[1,39 dioxol-4-ylmethoxy)-1H-[1,2,3]triazole-4-carbonyl]hydrazino}-2-hydroxypropionic Acid

4-Chloromethyl-5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one (14.9 mg, 100 μmol) was added to a solution of (R)-3-[N-(2′,5′-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1-hydroxy-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (31.2 mg, 66.8 μmol) in acetone (0.5 mL, 6.8 mmol) followed by Et₃N (18.6 μL, 134 μmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 65° C. for 2 hours. The mixture was then concentrated in vacuo to yield a yellow liquid. The crude liquid was purified (preparative scale C18 column chromatography, small column, using 30-90% MeCN in water with 0.05% TFA) to yield the title compound (10.0 mg, purity 99%) as a white solid. MS m/z [M+H]⁺ calc'd for C₂₄H₂₁Cl₂N₅O₈, 578.08; found 578.1.

EXAMPLE 9E (S)-2-Methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric Acid (R)-3-[N-(2′,5′-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1-hydroxy-1H-[1,2,39 -triazole-4-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 9F (R)-3-N-(2′,5′-Dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1-hydroxy-1H-[1,2,3]triazole-4-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl Ester

To a mixture of (R)-3-[N-′-(1-allyloxy-1H-[1,2,3]triazole-4-carbonyl)-N-(2′,5′-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (400 mg, 790 μmol) and carbonic acid chloromethyl ester isopropyl ester (1.5 mL) were added Nat (237 mg, 1.6 mmol) and lutidine (166 mg, 1.6 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 3 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with water (15 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×15 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, concentrated, and purified by column chromatography (PE:EtOAc=5:1 to 2:1) to yield Compound 1 as a light yellow solid (230 mg). LC-MS: 622 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of Compound 1 (230 mg, 370 μmol) in THF (5 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (64 mg, 56 μmol) and 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (577 mg, 3.7 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and then concentrated. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC [Daisogel-C18, 250×50 mm, 10μ; MeCN—H₂O (0.1% TFA) from 50% to 90%] to yield the title compound as a white solid (120 mg). LC-MS: 582 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR (MeOD, 400 Hz): δ 1.13-1.24 (d, 6H), 3.33-3.36 (m, 2H), 4.08-4.11 (m, 2H), 4.34-4.35 (m, 1H), 5.66 (s, 2H), 7.15-7.38 (m, 4H), 7.39-7.44 (m, 3H), 8.11 (s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 9G (R)-3-[N-(2′,5′-Dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1-hydroxy-1H-[1,2,39 triazole-4-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid acetoxymethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 9H (R)-3-[N-(2′,5′-Dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1-hydroxy-1H-[1,2,39 triazole-4-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 5-methyl-2-oxo-[1,39 dioxol-4-ylmethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 91 (R)-3-N-(2′,5′-Dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1-hydroxy-1H-[1,2,39 triazole-4-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid Ethoxycarbonyloxymethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 9J Butyric Acid (R)-3-[N-(2′,5′-Dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1-hydroxy-1H-[1,2,39 triazole-4-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl Ester

To a mixture of (R)-3-[N′-(1-allyloxy-1H-[1,2,3]triazole-4-carbonyl)-N-(2′,5′-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (300 mg, 590 μmol) and chloromethyl butyrate (1.5 mL) were added NaI (178 mg, 1.2 mmol) and lutidine (124 mg, 1.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 5 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with water (15 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×15 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, concentrated, and purified by silica gel chromatography (silica gel: 200-300 mesh; elute with PE:EtOAc=5:1 to 2:1) to yield Compound 1 as a light yellow solid (220 mg). LC-MS: 606 [M+H]⁺, 608 [(M+2)+H]⁺.

To a solution of Compound 1 (220 mg, 360 μmol) in THF (5 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (22 mg, 20 μmol) and 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (525 mg, 3.6 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and then concentrated. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC [Daisogel-C18, 250×50 mm, 10μ,; MeCN—H₂O (0.1% TFA) from 60% to 90%] to yield the title compound as a white solid (80 mg). LC-MS: 566 [M+H]⁺, 568 [(M+2)+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR (CD₃OD, 400 Hz): δ 0.93 (t, 3H), 1.62 (q, 2H), 2.31 (t, 2H), 3.32-3.37 (m, 2H), 4.20 (m, 2H), 4.41 (m, 1H), 5.75 (dd, 2H), 7.35 (m, 4H), 7.47-7.54 (m, 3H), 8.20 (s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 9K (R)-3-N-(2′,5′-Dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(1-hydroxy-1H-[1,2,39 triazole-4-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 1-cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxyethyl Ester

To a mixture of (R)-3-[N′-(1-allyloxy-1H-[1,2,3]triazole-4-carbonyl)-N-(2′,5′-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid (300 mg, 590 μmol) and carbonic acid 1-chloro-ethyl ester cyclohexyl ester (1.5 mL) were added NaI (178 mg, 1.2 mmol) and lutidine (124 mg, 1.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 5 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with water (15 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×15 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, concentrated, and purified by silica gel chromatography (PE:EtOAc=5:1 to 2:1) to yield Compound 1 as a light yellow solid (200 mg). LC-MS: 676 [M+H]⁺.

To a solution of Compound 1 (200 mg, 296 μmol) in THF (5 mL) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (46 mg, 40 μmol) and 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (461 mg, 3.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and then concentrated. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC [Daisogel-C18, 250×50 mm, 10μ; MeCN—H₂₀ (0.1% TFA) from 60% to 90%] to yield the title compound as a white solid (60 mg). LC-MS: 636 [M+H]⁺. ¹H-NMR (MeOD, 400 Hz): δ 1.29-1.55 (m, 9H), 1.70-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.89 (m, 2H), 3.33-3.40 (m, 2H), 4.19-4.22 (m, 2H), 4.37-4.40 (m, 1H), 4.57-4.60 (m, 1H), 6.67-6.74 (q, 1H), 7.33-7.36 (m, 4H), 7.46-7.53 (m, 3H), 8.19 (s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 9L (S)-2-Amino-3-methylbutyric Acid 4-[N′-((R)-2-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl)-N-(2′,5′-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazinocarbonyl]-[1,2,39 triazol-1-yloxymethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

EXAMPLE 9M (S)-2-Methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric Acid 4-[N′-((R)-2-carboxy-2-hydroxy-ethyl)-N′-(2′,5′-dichlorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)hydrazinocarbonyl]-[1,2,39 triazol-1-yloxymethyl Ester

Using the procedures described herein, the title compound can also be prepared.

Assay In Vitro Assays for the Quantitation of Inhibitor Potencies (IC₅₀) at Human and Rat NEP, and Human ACE

The inhibitory activities of compounds at human and rat neprilysin (EC 3.4.24.11; NEP) and human angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) were determined using in vitro assays as described below.

Extraction of NEP Activity from Rat Kidneys

Rat NEP was prepared from the kidneys of adult Sprague Dawley rats. Whole kidneys were washed in cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and brought up in ice-cold lysis buffer (1% Triton X-114, 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) pH 7.5; Bordier (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256: 1604-1607) in a ratio of 5 mL of buffer for every gram of kidney. Samples were homogenized on ice using a polytron hand held tissue grinder. Homogenates were centrifuged at 1000×g in a swinging bucket rotor for 5 minutes at 3° C. The pellet was resuspended in 20 mL of ice cold lysis buffer and incubated on ice for 30 minutes. Samples (15-20 mL) were then layered onto 25 mL of ice-cold cushion buffer (6% w/v sucrose, 50 mM pH 7.5 Tris, 150 mM NaCl, 0.06%, Triton X-114), heated to 37° C. for 3-5 minutes and centrifuged at 1000×g in a swinging bucket rotor at room temperature for 3 minutes. The two upper layers were aspirated off, leaving a viscous oily precipitate containing the enriched membrane fraction. Glycerol was added to a concentration of 50% and samples were stored at −20° C. Protein concentrations were quantitated using a BCA detection system with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a standard.

Enzyme Inhibition Assays

Recombinant human NEP and recombinant human ACE were obtained commercially (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, catalog numbers 1182-ZN and 929-ZN, respectively). The fluorogenic peptide substrate Mca-D-Arg-Arg-Leu-Dap-(Dnp)-OH (Medeiros et al. (1997) Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 30:1157-62; Anaspec, San Jose, Calif.) and Abz-Phe-Arg-Lys(Dnp)-Pro-OH (Araujo et al. (2000) Biochemistry 39:8519-8525; Bachem, Torrance, Calif.) were used in the NEP and ACE assays respectively.

The assays were performed in 384-well white opaque plates at 37° C. using the fluorogenic peptide substrates at a concentration of 10 82 M in Assay Buffer (NEP: 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 0.01% polyethylene glycol sorbitan monolaurate (Tween-20), 10 μM ZnSO₄; ACE: 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 0.01% Tween-20, 1 μM ZnSO₄). The respective enzymes were used at concentrations that resulted in quantitative proteolysis of 1μM of substrate after 20 minutes at 37° C.

Test compounds were assayed over the range of concentrations from 10 μM to 20 μM. Test compounds were added to the enzymes and incubated for 30 minute at 37° C. prior to initiating the reaction by the addition of substrate. Reactions were terminated after 20 minutes of incubation at 37° C. by the addition of glacial acetic acid to a final concentration of 3.6% (v/v).

Plates were read on a fluorometer with excitation and emission wavelengths set to 320 nm and 405 nm, respectively. Inhibition constants were obtained by nonlinear regression of the data using the equation (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, Calif.):

v=v ₀/[1+(I/K′)]

where v is the reaction rate, v₀ is the uninhibited reaction rate, I is the inhibitor concentration and K′ is the apparent inhibition constant.

The compound of formula I′ (Example 1A) was tested in this assay and found to have a pKi value at human NEP of ≧9.0. The prodrug compounds of Examples 1B and 1C either did not inhibit the enzyme in this in vitro assay, or were not tested since activity would not be expected in this assay; however, based upon the activity of the active form, these prodrugs are expected to have in vivo NEP activity.

The compound of formula II′ (Example 2A) was tested in this assay and found to have a pKi value at human NEP of ≧9.0. The prodrug compound of Example 2B either did not inhibit the enzyme in this in vitro assay, or was not tested since activity would not be expected in this assay; however, based upon the activity of the active form, this prodrug is expected to have in vivo NEP activity.

The compound of formula III′ (Example 3A) was tested in this assay and found to have a pK_(i) value at human NEP of ≧9.0. The prodrug compounds of Examples 3B-L either did not inhibit the enzyme in this in vitro assay, or were not tested since activity would not be expected in this assay; however, based upon the activity of the active form, this prodrug is expected to have in vivo NEP activity.

The compound of formula IV′ (Example 4A) was tested in this assay and found to have a pKi value at human NEP of ≧9.0. The prodrug compounds of Examples 4B-Q either did not inhibit the enzyme in this in vitro assay, or were not tested since activity would not be expected in this assay; however, based upon the activity of the active form, these prodrugs are expected to have in vivo NEP activity.

The compound of formula V′ (Example 5A) was tested in this assay and found to have a pKi value at human NEP of ≧9.0. The prodrug compound of Examples 5B-K either did not inhibit the enzyme in this in vitro assay, or was not tested since activity would not be expected in this assay; however, based upon the activity of the active form, this prodrug is are expected to have in vivo NEP activity.

The compound of Example 6A was tested in this assay and found to have a pKi value at human NEP of ≧9.0. The prodrug compounds of Examples 6B-P either did not inhibit the enzyme in this in vitro assay, or were not tested since activity would not be expected in this assay; however, based upon the activity of the active form, these prodrugs are expected to have in vivo NEP activity.

The compound of formula VII' was tested in this assay and found to have a pK_(i) value at human NEP of ≧9.0. The prodrug compounds of Examples 7A-E and 7J either did not inhibit the enzyme in this in vitro assay, or was not tested since activity would not be expected in this assay; however, based upon the activity of the active form, this prodrug is are expected to have in vivo NEP activity.

The compound of formula VIII′ was tested in this assay and found to have a pK_(i) value at human NEP of ≧9.0. The prodrug compounds of Examples 8A-I either did not inhibit the enzyme in this in vitro assay, or was not tested since activity would not be expected in this assay; however, based upon the activity of the active form, this prodrug is are expected to have in vivo NEP activity.

The compound of Example 9A was tested in this assay and found to have a pK_(i) value at human NEP of ≧9.0. The prodrug compounds of Examples 9B-K either did not inhibit the enzyme in this in vitro assay, or was not tested since activity would not be expected in this assay; however, based upon the activity of the active form, this prodrug is are expected to have in vivo NEP activity.

While the present invention has been described with reference to specific aspects or embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of ordinary skilled in the art that various changes can be made or equivalents can be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. Additionally, to the extent permitted by applicable patent statutes and regulations, all publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each document had been individually incorporated by reference herein. 

1-24. (canceled)
 25. A compound of: (a) (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid; (b) (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3 -methoxyi soxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic Acid 5-methyl-2-oxo-[1,39 dioxol-4-ylmethyl ester; (c) (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3 -methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid 2,2,3,3,3 -pentafluoropropyl ester; (d) (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3 -methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid acetoxymethyl ester; (e) (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3 -methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid 2-methoxy-ethyl ester; (f) butyric acid (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl ester; (g) (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3 -methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid ethoxycarbonyloxymethyl ester; (h) (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3 -methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid 2-morpholin-4-ylethyl ester; (i) (S)-2-methoxycarbonylamino-3 -methylbutyric acid (R)-3 -[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3 -methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl ester; (j) (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl ester; (k) (R)-2-(2-aminoacetoxy)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]propionic acid ethyl ester; (l) (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-propionyloxypropionic acid; (m)(S)-2-amino-3-methylbutyric acid (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)-hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionyloxymethyl ester; (n) (S)-2-methoxycarbonylamino-3-methylbutyric acid (R)-1-carboxy-24N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]ethyl ester; (o) (S)-2-aminopropionic acid (R)-1-carboxy-2-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]ethyl ester; (p) (S)-2-amino-3-methylbutyric acid (R)-1-carboxy-2-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]ethyl ester; (q) (R)-2-(2-aminoacetoxy)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]propionic acid; (r) (R)-3-[N-(5′-chloro-2′-fluorobiphenyl-4-ylmethyl)-N′-(3-methoxyisoxazole-5-carbonyl)hydrazino]-2-hydroxypropionic acid 1-cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxyethyl ester; or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof. 